<p>The Hönne is a left tributary river to the Ruhr, flowing through the northern Sauerland hills in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. The spring of the Hönne is located in the west of Neuenrade at 437m above sea level. After 33 km the river ends near the town of Fröndenberg. The total catchment area of the river is 262 km².</p><br>
<p>Most notable is the narrow valley between Balve and Menden, where the Hönne has carved 60m deep into Devonian limestone. Several caves are located in the valley, of which the Balver Höhle and the Reckenhöhle are accessible for visitors. When the water level in the river is low, some parts of the valley fall dry as the water flows subterraneously through the Karst rocks. Several of the tributary brooks in that valley also flow subterraneously for some parts of their course.</p><br>
<h2>Caves</h2><br>
<p>Many caves were formed throughout the Hönne. The biggest culture cave in Europe is located in Balve. A cave with flowstone, the Reckenhöhle, is also nearby.</p><br>
<p>Some experts found signs of cannibalism in the caves (especially the Karhofhöhle) that date from 1000 to 700 BCE.</p><br>
<p>The Ochil Hills  is a range of hills in Scotland north of the Forth valley bordered by the towns of Stirling, Alloa, Kinross, Auchterarder and Perth. The only major roads crossing the hills pass through Glen Devon/Glen Eagles and Glenfarg, the latter now largely replaced except for local traffic by the M90 Edinburgh-Perth motorway cutting through the eastern foothills. The hills are part of a Devonian lava extrusion whose appearance today is largely due to the Ochil Fault which results in the southern face of the hills forming an escarpment. The plateau is undulating with no prominent peak, the highest point being Ben Cleuch at 721 m The south-flowing burns have cut deep ravines including Dollar Glen, Silver Glen and Alva Glen, often only passable with the aid of wooden walkways.</p><br>
<p>Historically, the hills, combined with the town being built at the lowest bridge-point on the River Forth, led to Stirling&#39;s importance as a main gateway to the Highlands. They also acted as a boundary to the Kingdom of Fife. Castle Campbell was built at the head of Dollar Glen in the late 15th century (an earlier castle on the site being called "Castle Gloom") mainly as a very visible symbol of the Campbell domination of the area. Sheriffmuir, the site of the 1715 battle of the Jacobite rising is on the northern slopes of the hills. In the early Industrial Revolution, several mill towns such as Tillicoultry, Alva and Menstrie (the Hillfoots Villages) grew up in the shadow of the Ochils to tap the water power. Some of the mills are open today as museums.</p><br>
<p>Blairdenon Hill was the site of one of the Beacons of Dissent during the G8 protests in July 2005.</p><br>
<h2>Proposed wind farms</h2><br>
<p>A proposal for an 18 turbine development at Green Knowes, south of Auchterarder, north of Glendevon was approved in June 2006. The development will be situated about 400 m north of the Ben Thrush summit. This is now complete.</p><br>
<p>In early 2007 approval was given for the construction of a wind farm consisting of thirteen 102 m (334 ft) turbines on Burnfoot Hill, which lies north of Tillicoultry and Ben Cleuch and to the south of the Upper Glendevon Reservoir.</p><br>
<p>Construction of this site has begun.</p><br>
<h2>Selection of summits in the Ochil Hills</h2><br>
<p>Andrew Gannel Hill (670 m)</p><br>
<p>Ben Buck (679 m) as seen from Stirling Castle</p><br>
<p>Ben Cleuch (721 m)</p><br>
<p>Ben Ever (622 m)</p><br>
<p>Ben Shee (516 m)</p><br>
<p>Blairdenon (631 m)</p><br>
<p>Burnfoot Hill (526 m)</p><br>
<p>Colsnaur Hill (553 m)</p><br>
<p>Tarmangie (645 m)</p><br>
<p>White Wisp (643 m)</p><br>
<p>The Law (638 m)</p><br>
<p>Kings Seat (648 m)</p><br>
<p>Greenforet Hill (616 m)</p><br>
<p>Innerdownie (611 m; the lowest of the 2000 ft summits in the Ochils.)</p><br>
<p>Mickle Corum (594 m)</p><br>
<p>Scad Hill (586 m)</p><br>
<p>Bengengie Hill (565 m)</p><br>
<p>Grodwell Hill (553 m)</p><br>
<p>Core Hill (543 m)</p><br>
<p>Sauchanwood Hill (541 m)</p><br>
<p>Wood Hill (525 m)</p><br>
<p>Craig Leith (513 m)</p><br>
<p>Wether Hill (503 m)</p><br>
<p>Bald Hill (500 m)</p><br>
<p>Elistoun Hill (497 m)</p><br>
<p>Craigentaggert Hill (493 m)</p><br>
<p>Steele&#39;s Knowe (485 m)</p><br>
<p>Sim&#39;s Hill (482 m)</p><br>
<p>Glentye Hill (481 m)</p><br>
<p>Eastbow Hill (476 m)</p><br>
<p>Commonedge Hill (468 m)</p><br>
<p>Hillfoot Hill (442 m)</p><br>
<p>The Nebit (438 m)</p><br>
<p>The Seat (429 m)</p><br>
<p>Kinpauch Hill (426 m)</p><br>
<p>Dumyat (418 m)</p><br>
<p>Loss Hill (417 m)</p><br>
<p>Craig Rossie (41 0m)</p><br>
<p>Myreton Hill (387 m)</p><br>
<p>Black Hill (358 m)</p><br>
<p>Bank Hill (346 m)</p><br>
<p>Seamab Hill</p><br>
<p>Moschato  is a suburb in the southwestern part of the Athens agglomeration, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Moschato-Tavros, of which it is the seat and a municipal unit.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Moschato is situated on the Phaleron Bay coast, east of the mouth of the river Cephissus. The municipal unit has an area of 2.325 km. It is 6 km southwest of Athens city centre and 3 km east of Piraeus. The southern end of Motorway 1 (Athens - Thessaloniki) is in Moschato. Other important roads are Poseidonos Avenue along the coast and Peiraios Street in the north. The main squares of Moschato are Metamorfoseos Sotiris Square on Makrygianni Avenue, with the eponymous church, and Iroon Polytechneiou Square with the City Hall.</p><br>
<h2>Transport</h2><br>
<p>The Moschato metro station is served by Athens Metro Line 1, which connects it with Piraeus and central Athens. Moschato is also served by the Athens Tram network, and by the bus routes 914, 860, 229, 217, 101, B1, 500, 130, 049, 040, 232, 218, C1, 420 and A1.</p><br>
<h2>Culture</h2><br>
<p>The local fair is held on 6 August every year, festivities starting from the 5th, when the cathedral of Aghia Sotira (Our Christ Saviour) has its religious holiday.</p><br>
<p>Moschato is known for its Carnival celebrations held every year approximately two weeks before Clean Monday (Kathara Deytera). Festivities for all ages are held throughout the town and more specific at the Tent (Tenta) that the municipal puts up at the Korai Str. square. Delegations from many cities across Greece as well as foreign communities take part in this two week festivity. Teenagers have the opportunity to take part in a large Treasure/Scavenger Hunt (Kinigi toy Chamenou Thisavrou) which takes place in all of Moschato and lasts for the entire two weeks, engaging into games, singing contests, citywide treasure hunts, mascarade competitions and with the chance of winning prizes, trips and many other gifts.</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<p>Chrisso  is a village in Phocis, Greece. The modern village sits north of the ancient town of Crissa, a powerful city-state of ancient Greece which gave its name to the Crissaean plain and the Crissaean gulf and lies in the southwestern foothills of Mount Parnassus. Chrisso is 2 km southwest of Delphi, 10 km southeast of Amfissa and 6 km northeast of Itea. The Greek National Road 48  passes west of the village. Chrisso belongs to the municipality of Delphi.</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The town is first mentioned in Homer&#39;s Catalog of Ships, as a Phoecean settlement that participated in Trojan War (ca. 12th-13th century B.C.).</p><br>
<p>The rubble from the ancient wall of Krissa lies in the modern Stefani hill. The ancient city was devastated by Amphictiones in the war which lasted from around 600 BC and 590 BC. In the Crisaean fields, an ancient hippodrome is founded.</p><br>
<h2>Persons</h2><br>
<p>Strophilus of Crissa</p><br>
<p>Oakland Cemetery is one of the largest cemeteries green spaces, in Atlanta, Georgia, USA Founded as "Atlanta Cemetery" in 1850 on six acres  of land southeast of the city, it was renamed in 1872 to reflect the large number of oak and magnolia trees growing in the area. By that time, the city had grown and the cemetery had enlarged correspondingly to the current 48 acre. Since then, Atlanta has continued to expand, so that the cemetery is now located in the center of the city. Oakland is an excellent example of a Victorian-style cemetery, and reflects the "garden cemetery" movement started and exemplified by Mount Auburn Cemetery in Massachusetts.</p><br>
<p>The original 6 acre of Oakland remains one of the oldest historical plots of land in Atlanta, most of the rest of the city having been burned in 1864. Because of its age and location, the cemetery directly reflects the history and changing culture of the City of Atlanta and the significant events it has seen. Names of Atlanta streets, buildings, parks, subdivisions, and more can be found within the cemetery gates. An estimated 70,000 people are interred at Oakland, and while the last plots were sold in 1884, there are still regular burials today. These are largely conducted on family-owned plots or areas owned by Atlanta (one of the most recent being former mayor Maynard Jackson, whose plot was contributed by the city).</p><br>
<h2>Sections</h2><br>
<h3>Original 6 acre</h3><br>
<p>Immediately upon entering the gates of Oakland is found the original 6 acre purchased for use as the Atlanta Cemetery in 1850. The gates and perimeter walls were not erected until 1896, the date engraved on the keystone of the gates highest arch. After a short distance along a brick walkway, Oaklands first resident since its establishment can be found. Dr. James Nissen was a medical doctor visiting Atlanta who fell ill and died in 1850. Legend has it that Dr. Nissen shared a common fear of the day, being buried alive. Therefore, before his death he asked that his jugular vein be cut prior to his burial to ensure he did not wake up later under the ground. Being the oldest grave in Oakland since its designation as a city cemetery, Nissen&#39;s headstone is nearly completely worn away by the passage of time and the elements. The inscription is only known due to an extensive survey of Atlanta cemeteries performed in the 1930s by Franklin Garrett. Back towards the main gates of Oakland on a plot donated by the City of Atlanta lies Martha Lumpkin Compton. The daughter of Governor Wilson Lumpkin, from 1843 until 1845 Atlanta was known as "Marthasville" in her honor.</p><br>
<p>The first thing many people notice when entering the gates of Oakland is the mausoleum of Jasper Newton Smith, on which sits a striking life-size statue of Smith himself. Jasper Smith was a real estate investor who financed two buildings downtown. One, known as The House that Jack Built, was constructed with the stipulation that its cornerstone be left even after the building was torn down. That cornerstone still stands at the entrance of the Peachtree Center MARTA station on Carnegie Way. Smith was well known for refusing to wear a necktie due to a bad experience as a child. Therefore, one story describing the creation of his statue notes that when the artist sculpted him wearing a cravat, Smith refused to pay until the offending item had been chiseled off.</p><br>
<p>Farther into this section can be seen the Kontz Memorial and the Neal Monument, two sculptures showing vastly different styles of artistry. The latter is an example of Neoclassical art and imagery, while the former is Oakland&#39;s only known example of Egyptian Revival. Also to be found in the original 6 acre is a small area of land marking the old Jewish section. This area was bought by the Hebrew Benevolent Congregation (which later bought more land in the expanded cemetery) and is the second oldest Jewish burial ground in the State of Georgia, preceded by a colonial Jewish cemetery in Savannah.</p><br>
<p>Also resting in the original 6 acre is Robert Tyre "Bobby" Jones, an Atlanta-native amateur golfer known for first winning The Double. His grave can always be found with golf balls and other paraphernalia relating to the sport. The immediate area surrounding Jones grave is adorned by all eighteen flower-bearing plants that are the namesakes of the holes on the Augusta National course. Franklin Garrett, a man dubbed "Atlantas Official Historian" who extensively cataloged Atlanta&#39;s history as well as many of the graves at Oakland and other Atlanta-area cemeteries also rests in the original 6 acre.</p><br>
<p>While walking throughout the original 6 acre, and indeed much of the entire cemetery, many visitors will notice a lack of ironwork which is uncommon to a cemetery from Oaklands era. This is due to the City of Atlantas contribution of much of the original ironwork in Oakland to the USA government for use in producing arms during World War I.</p><br>
<h3>Confederate section</h3><br>
<p>The Confederate section of Oakland is home to an estimated 6,900 burials, of which about 3,000 are unknown. During the Civil War, Atlanta was a major transportation and medical center for the Southern states. Since several of the largest military hospitals in the area were within a half mile (800 m) from Oakland, many soldiers who died from their wounds were buried here. Shortly after the war ended, a few thousand fallen soldiers from the Atlanta Campaign who were previously buried in battleground graves were moved to the Confederate grounds in Oakland. The area is marked by a large monument known as the Confederate Obelisk. This 65 foot (20 m) tall obelisk is made from granite quarried from Stone Mountain and was dedicated on April 26, 1874, the anniversary of Joseph E. Johnston’s surrender to William Sherman. For a number of years, the Confederate Obelisk was the tallest structure in Atlanta. To the northwest, very close to the obelisk itself, are buried four Confederate generals, John B. Gordon, Lucius J. Gartrell, Clement A. Evans, and William Wright. To the south of the obelisk is a large section of marked military graves. Of special note are the 16 marked graves of Union soldiers that are buried alongside Confederate soldiers. This practice was very uncommon at the time, but was likely done at Oakland due to dwindling burial space. Also located in the Confederate section is one of the most striking monuments at Oakland, the Lion of the Confederacy, or Lion of Atlanta. The lion, which guards a field containing the remains of unknown Confederate dead, was commissioned by the Atlanta Ladies Memorial Association and carved by T. M. Brady in 1894 out of the largest piece of marble quarried from north Georgia up to that time. Though Brady claimed that the design was original, with a few exceptions it is actually a near copy of the Swiss Lion of Lucerne.</p><br>
<h3>New Jewish section</h3><br>
<p>Located relatively close to the old Jewish section contained in the original 6 acre, the plots designated as the "new" Jewish section were acquired by the Hebrew Benevolent Congregation in 1878 and 1892. The burial sites, and the headstones and monuments marking them, reflect the blending of the German-Jewish culture of which the Benevolent Congregation was primarily comprised, and the American culture that the community had adopted. In contrast to this cultural blending are the resting places of members of the Ahavath Achim Synagogue, to which the Benevolent Congregation sold some of the plots. Members of the Ahavath Achim Synagogue were mostly Eastern European Jewish immigrants who were much more Orthodox. Unlike the Benevolent Congregation, the Synagogue sought to preserve their traditional culture and to avoid cultural blending. This is evident in the grave sites of members of the Synagogue, which are identifiable by their use of the Hebrew language and engravings of traditional Jewish symbols. In more recent years, the new Jewish section fell victim to vandalism by two teenaged locals in 1982.</p><br>
<h3>Potter's Field</h3><br>
<p>Potters Field is a 7.5 acre (3 hectare) area that is traditionally designated for burial of those without the means to purchase a plot of land. Beyond the outer wall bordering the field is the former Fulton Bag and Cotton Mill (since renovated into loft apartments) and Cabbagetown, both constructed by Jacob Elsas, who is buried in the new Jewish section. By 1884 all of the traditional plots at Oakland had been sold. This meant that peoples only options for burial at Oakland were to either buy a plot from a private owner or be buried in Potters Field, and records show that many people opted for the latter. Potters Field makes a significant contribution to the number of residents at Oakland, as indicated by a 1978 archaeological survey conducted by Georgia State University that revealed the entire area to be occupied by an estimated 17,000 persons.</p><br>
<h3>Black section</h3><br>
<p>This section of the cemetery is a testament to the period of history during which segregation was at its height in the United States. The entire cemetery reflects the great cultural changes that occurred in Atlanta during its service; from the Jim Crow era exhibited by the segregated black section to the modern era that strives for social equality, as shown by the recent burial of Maynard Jackson on a plot in the original 6 acre of Oakland. One striking feature that visitors will notice is that the black section, similarly to the adjoining Potter&#39;s Field, lacks a great deal of headstones, monuments, and grave markers in general. This is because many grave markers here were made of wood and other biodegradable materials. These markers have succumbed to the passing of time and as a result have rendered a large portion of the grave sites in the black section unknown. Despite the social difficulties that had to be overcome by African-Americans living in the Southern states at the time, there are several outstanding black figures buried at Oakland who made significant contributions to the history of Atlanta. Some of these include Bishop Wesley John Gaines, Reverend Frank Quarles (an early benefactor of Morehouse College), Carrie Steele Logan, and Antoine Graves, the owner of the only mausoleum in the black section.</p><br>
<h3>Bell Tower</h3><br>
<p>Before the Bell Tower was constructed in 1899, a farmhouse owned by James E. Williams, who would later be mayor of Atlanta, stood in the spot. From this location, General John B. Hood directed Confederate forces in the Battle of Atlanta on July 22, 1864. The Bell Tower building as it stands today was originally the sextons office and living quarters. Atop the tower is a bell that was formerly used to signal for workers to gather at that location, and for funerals. The basement was used as a vault for storing coffins awaiting burial. In 1998 the Bell Tower building saw extensive restoration and now serves as the offices of the Historic Oakland Foundation as well as the cemeterys visitor center.</p><br>
<h3>Monuments and mausolea</h3><br>
<p>As with most cemeteries of comparable size and age, Oakland contains numerous monuments and mausolea that are often outstanding examples of art and symbolism, or are of great historical significance. In the southeast area of the cemetery is a historical marker describing the events surrounding the Great Locomotive Chase, in which Union raiders stole the locomotive General with the intent of cutting vital telegraph lines. They were captured by Confederate forces and seven of them were hanged in Oakland and temporarily interred there before being moved to the National Cemetery at Chattanooga. Near the Bell Tower lies a monument dedicated by the City of Atlanta to its first mayor, Moses Formwalt, who was also the youngest Atlanta mayor at 28 years old.</p><br>
<p>Sitting atop a hill near the original 6 acre is the Austell Mausoleum, likely the most elaborate in Oakland. The mausoleum was constructed by Alfred Austell, one of the founders of Atlanta National Bank, in the Gothic Revival style. The Austell Mausoleum cost around $90,000 to build in the 1880s, and is estimated to cost over $3 million to replace by todays standards. Another notable burial on the original 6 acre is the rose-adorned site of the Marsh family, on which Margaret Mitchell Marsh, author of Gone with the Wind, rests. Near the Marsh grave is a gas lamp that was one of the original 50 installed by the Atlanta Gas Light company in 1856. The lamp, which bears scars from the shelling of Atlanta in 1864, was donated to the cemetery by Franklin Miller Garrett. The keen observer might notice that the plaque that describes the gas lamps history incorrectly dates the lamp to 1850.</p><br>
<h2>Historic Oakland Foundation</h2><br>
<p>Since Oakland is not and was never a perpetual care cemetery, maintenance of grave sites was the responsibility of the families of the interred. Of course, time sees the movement of families and the general disconnection with ancestors as generations pass. Because of this, many grave sites have fallen into disrepair from neglect and sometimes vandalism. Therefore, shortly after Oakland was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 28, 1976, the Historic Oakland Foundation was established. The Foundation has overseen the restoration and upkeep of many grave sites, monuments, mausolea, and buildings that had been affected by the ravages of time. Their activity, which is supported by donations, grants, and special events, continues today as they maintain and restore the cemetery as well as provide guided tours of the grounds.</p><br>
<h2>Notable burials</h2><br>
<p>27 former Atlanta mayors, including Moses Formwalt (Atlantas first mayor), S. B. Spencer, Ivan Allen, Jr. and Maynard Jackson (Atlantas first African-American mayor)</p><br>
<p>6 former Georgia governors: John B. Gordon (1832-02-06 &ndash; 1904-01-09), Joseph E. Brown (1821-04-15 &ndash; 1894-11-30), Joseph Mackey Brown (1851-12-28 &ndash; 1932-03-03), William J. Northen (1835-06-09 &ndash; 1913-03-25), John Marshall Slaton (1866-12-25 &ndash; 1955-06-11) and Hoke Smith (1855-11-02 &ndash; 1931-11-27)</p><br>
<p>Martha Wilson Lumpkin Compton (1827-08-25 &ndash; 1917-02-13), daughter of Governor Wilson Lumpkin and namesake of Marthasville, Atlanta&#39;s name from 1843 until approximately 1845</p><br>
<p>Clement A. Evans (1833-02-25 &ndash; 1911-07-02), John B. Gordon, Lucius J. Gartrell, Alfred Iverson, Jr., and William Wright (c. 1822 &ndash; c. 1899), Confederate Generals</p><br>
<p>William Fuller, Jefferson Cain, and Anthony Murphy, Western & Atlantic Railroad employees involved in the Great Locomotive Chase</p><br>
<p>Bishop Wesley John Gaines (1840-10-04 &ndash; 1912-01-12), Bishop of the African Methodist Episcopal Church and founder of Morris Brown College. Marsh</p><br>
<p>Franklin Miller Garrett (1906-09-25 &ndash; 2000-03-05), Atlanta historian notable for his extensive survey of Atlanta cemeteries. He was dubbed "Atlanta&#39;s Official Historian" and is buried on commons ground on a plot donated by the City of Atlanta.</p><br>
<p>Joel Hurt, founder of Inman Park and Druid Hills, two of Atlanta&#39;s first planned subdivisions</p><br>
<p>Dr. Joseph Jacobs, owner of the pharmacy where John Pemberton first sold Coca-Cola as a soft drink</p><br>
<p>Bobby Jones (1902-03-17 &ndash; 1971-12-18), the only golfer to win the Grand Slam, the USA Amateur, USA Open, British Amateur and The Open Championship in the same year</p><br>
<p>Carrie Steele Logan (c. 1829 &ndash; 1900-11-03), founder of the first black orphanage in Georgia, now known as the Carrie Steele-Pitts Home. Kept orphans in a boxcar in the rail yard where she worked and brought them home with her at night.</p><br>
<p>Margaret Mitchell Marsh, author of Gone with the Wind</p><br>
<p>Reverend Frank Quarles, key figure in establishing Atlanta Baptist Female Seminary, which later became Spelman College</p><br>
<p>Morris and Emanuel Rich, founders of Rich&#39;s department store.</p><br>
<p>Edward A. Vincent, architect of Atlanta&#39;s first passenger depot and publisher of the first official map of the city (unmarked grave).</p><br>
<p>Benjamin Franklin White, shape note "singing master", and compiler of the shape note tunebook known as The Sacred Harp.</p><br>
<p>Alexander Stephens, Vice President of the Confederate States of America, was interred for a time at Oakland before being moved to his estate near Crawfordville.</p><br>
<p>Orelia Key Bell, poet, buried alongside her long-time friend, Ida Jane Ash.</p><br>
<p>Andrew Steiner, Holocaust survivor saved as many as 7,000 Slovakian Jews by convincing Nazi officials to create workshops staffed by Jews, renowned architect who developed master plan for Jekyll Island, Stone Mountain, and Callaway Gardens.</p><br>
<h2>2008 Tornado</h2><br>
<p>On March 14, 2008, Oakland Cemetery sustained significant damage when a tornado tore through downtown Atlanta. The City Sexton, Sam Reed, estimated that 50 to 60 trees were toppled and many more significantly damaged. Dozens of headstones and obelisks were also destroyed. Additionally, debris from other damaged buildings was blown into the cemetery; a shredded window blind was “draped like a necklace” around one marker. It was the first tornado to hit the downtown area since weather record keeping began in the 1880s. by Tim Eberly and Paul Shea for the Atlanta Journal and Constitution, March 15, 2008. Retrieved March 15, 2008. by Rhonda Cook et al. for the Atlanta Journal and Constitution, March 16, 2008. Retrieved March 16, 2008.</p><br>
<p>A map of the storm shows that the largest intensity of the storm was centered over the cemetery.</p><br>
<p>See article: 2008 Atlanta tornado outbreak.</p><br>
<p>Romsdalen is a valley in Norway. The 60 km long valley runs through Rauma Municipality in Møre og Romsdal county and Lesja Municipality in Oppland county. It is the valley of the Rauma river, from Old Norse Raumsdalr . The traditional district of Romsdal, which makes up about one-third of Møre og Romsdal county, is named for the valley of Romsdalen. The main road E136 and the Rauma line runs along the valley floor.</p><br>
<p>Mannen is an unstable rock above the valley. Mannen is expected to slide into the valley floor and block the river, there can be devastating flood downstream if the river suddenly breaks through the dam created by the rockslide. Around Remmem and Flatmark the valley is littered with huge rocks or boulders.</p><br>
<p>Trolltindene and other summits on the western edge are protected as part of Reinheimen National Park. Alpine summits around Isterdalen and Trollstigen are partly within the national park, partly within Trollstigen protected landscape area.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The valley begins at the lake Lesjaskogsvatnet and it follows the Rauma River to the northwest to the town of Åndalsnes, where the river empties into Romsdal Fjord. The Rauma Line and European Route E136 highway both run through the valley. The Romsdalsalpene mountains surround the river and the valley, including the mountains Store Trolltind, Store Venjetinden, Trollryggen, and Romsdalshornet. Romsdalen is joined by Isterdalen with Istra river few kilometers upstream from Åndalsnes and the two rivers create terraces of sand and gravel on a deeper layer of clay.</p><br>
<p>Romsdal Museum (Romsdalsmuseets) based in the town of Molde is one of the largest and most extensive folk museums in Norway. The Romsdalen Folk Museum is an outdoor museum which aspects of life in the Romsdalen valley from the 14th to the 20th century.</p><br>
<h3>Summits</h3><br>
<p>Notable summits around the main valley:</p><br>
<p>Romsdalshornet 1550 m.a.s.l.</p><br>
<p>Trolltindene including</p><br>
<p>Store Trolltind at 1,788 m</p><br>
<p>Trollveggen big wall</p><br>
<p>Trollryggen at 1,740 m</p><br>
<p>Breitind 1797 m.a.s.l.</p><br>
<p>Kalskråtinden 1803 m.o.h.</p><br>
<p>Romsdalseggen</p><br>
<p>Tua (Rauma)</p><br>
<p>Rangåhøgda</p><br>
<h3>Rivers</h3><br>
<p>Several of Norways and the worlds tallest waterfalls plunge into the main valley.</p><br>
<p>Vermafossen, total 380 m</p><br>
<p>Døntefossen, total 700 m, longest drop 200 m</p><br>
<p>Mongefossen, total 773 m, longest drop 300 m (listed as 15th tallest)</p><br>
<p>Ølmåafossen, total 720 m</p><br>
<p>Isterdalen valley:</p><br>
<p>Stigfossen, 239 m, longest drop 122</p><br>
<p>Trollfossen, 175 m</p><br>
<h2>Communications</h2><br>
<p>Rauma Line and European route E136 both runs through valley. The Rauma Line is the only railway line in Møre og Romsdal county and was from 1924 until the 1970s the key transport corridor county and East Norway. Road E136 is the only road between east and west that does not run through a mountain pass and connects the county to eastern Norway road network. The road through Romsdalen was historically an important access to the ocean for farmers and miners in the eastern uplands. Since at least year 1500 the annual market near Åndalsnes was the largest market place outside Bergen and Trondheim. The iron works at Lesjaverk transported iron products to the port at Veblungsnes. The road was originally only for riding and walking. Around 1844 it was possible to drive the entire valley. This was at the time one of only two drivable road connections between east and west. When the telegraph was introduced in Norway in the 1860s, the line between East Norway and Møre og Romsdal was set up in the valley, as one of only two direct lines between east and west. Norwegian County Road 63 through Trollstigen mountain pass to Valldal was completed in 1936, with connections to Geiranger.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The Old Norse form of the name was Raumsdalr. The first element is the genitive case of a name Raumr probably the old (uncompounded) name of Romsdal Fjord, again derived from the name of the river Rauma. The second part of the word is dalr which means "dale" or "valley". Thus the name means "The Dale of Rauma".</p><br>
<p>Møre og Romsdal county is named according to the Romsdal district, which in turn got its name from the valley. The county was previously called Romsdals amt (literally Romsdal&#39;s county).</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>Tourism and angling in the Rauma river became an important business during the 1800s, wealthy Englishmen were the most important visitors. General William Bromley-Davenbort purchased Fiva farm in 1849 and the 12 best kilometers of the river. Norway&#39;s first golf course was laid out in 1905 at Hølgenes hotel (later named Park hotel) by the English owner. Romsdalen valley and the Romsdalen Alps is one of the most important climbing venues in Norway and Northern Europe. The steep and demanding Trollveggen is a classic in Norwegian rock face climbing. William Cecil Slingsby visited Romsdalen in 1875 and later. Arne Randers Heen was a local climber with several first ascents.</p><br>
<h2>In fiction</h2><br>
<p>The fictional detective Harry Hole is mentioned as being originally from Åndalsnes in the Romsdalen valley, while the series writer Jo Nesbø is actually from Molde in the same region. The Bat, first book in the Harry Hole series, includes a passage of reminiscences, which might be based on the writers own experiences:</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1612 a group of some 300 Scottish mercenaries landed near Åndalsnes and marched through the valley towards Sweden. The group was later massacred at Battle of Kringen.</p><br>
<p>After the German invasion of Norway on April 9, 1940, British troops landed at Åndalsnes and Namsos in an attempt to liberate Trondheim through large pincer movement. British vanguard force arrived at Åndalsnes on 12 April. The main landing of British troops, consisting primarily of the British 148th Infantry Brigade and commanded by Major General Bernard Paget, occurred on 17 April. On the day of the invasion, German troops immediately took control of Oslo, Stavanger, Bergen and Trondheim, while Åndalsnes and the towns of Møre og Romsdal remained free. Åndalsnes was the only free port with a railway connection south of Trondheim. The first British troops travelled from Åndalsnes to Dombås, a key road and railway junction, on April 19th.</p><br>
<p>When the German invasion began the national gold holding was evacuated from Oslo through Romsdalen to Åndalsnes and Molde, and then by ship to Tromsø.</p><br>
<p>Flattop Mountain is a 3,510-foot  mountain in the USA state of Alaska, located in Chugach State Park just east of urban Anchorage. It is the most climbed mountain in the state.</p><br>
<p>It is usually reached by driving to the Glen Alps trailhead and following a well-maintained 1.5-mile (2.4-km) trail, with an elevation gain of 1280 feet (390 m) from the parking lot to the summit. Since it is the most accessible mountain to Anchorage, Flattop is a very popular location for hiking, climbing, berry picking, paragliding, and backcountry skiing. Campouts are held on the summit at the summer and winter solstices.</p><br>
<p>Flattop is known for its panoramic views of Anchorage and the surrounding area; Denali, Mount Foraker, and Mount Spurr are sometimes visible on very clear days.</p><br>
<p>Jost Van Dyke  is the smallest of the four main islands of the British Virgin Islands, measuring roughly 8 km&sup2;. It rests in the northern portion of the archipelago of the Virgin Islands, located in the Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea. Jost Van Dyke lies about 8 km to the northwest of Tortola and 8 km to the north of Saint John. Little Jost Van Dyke lies off its eastern end.</p><br>
<p>Like many of the neighboring islands, it is volcanic in origin and mountainous. The highest point on the island is Majohnny Hill at 321 m.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Despite rumours that the islands name comes from that of a 17th-century Dutch privateer, Joost van Dyk, who used its harbours as a hideout, there is no factual evidence supporting this claim. Just who Jost Van Dykes namesake is remains a mystery. John C. Lettsome (of Little Jost Van Dyke), founder of the Medical Society of London is Jost Van Dyke&#39;s most noteworthy resident.</p><br>
<p>Although the English captured the BVI in 1672, it seems that Jost Van Dyke was mostly ignored until the mid-18th century. A map drawn of the BVI in 1717 by Captain John Walton does not depict either Jost Van Dyke or Little Jost Van Dyke.</p><br>
<p>The remains of a sugar works on the ridge above Great Harbour provide archaeological evidence that some sugar cane was under cultivation and processed, though probably not in any great quantity.</p><br>
<p>In 1815, 140 acre were under cotton cultivation, producing 21,000 pounds annually. There was a population of 428 (25 whites, 32 free persons of colour and 371 slaves). By 1825, cotton production decreased to 17,000 pounds, while the population increased to 506 (34 whites, 76 free persons of colour and 397 slaves).</p><br>
<p>Similar to other islands in the region, JVD and the BVI saw gradual and irreversible economic decline throughout the 18th century. Curiously though, the population of Jost Van Dyke continued to increase (probably due to the freedom of travel enjoyed by the former slave population after Emancipation in the BVI in 1838). Thereafter, many BVI islanders regularly sought work at the Royal Mail Steam Packet Company&#39;s coaling wharves in St. Thomas, (today- United States Virgin Islands). By 1853, Dookhan (1975) attributes a population of 1,235 residents on Jost Van Dyke, 196 of whom died of a cholera outbreak in that same year.</p><br>
<p>From the Emancipation Era forward, the community of Jost Van Dyke subsisted mainly on small scale fishing and subsistence agriculture. Charcoal-making was a practice that began during the plantation era, when strong fires were vital for sugar and rum production, and charcoal making emerged as a primary industry for the BVI during the Post-Emancipation years. Between the 1920s and 1960s, an estimated 20,000 tons of charcoal were exported from the BVI to the US Virgin Islands. (1998. Penn-Moll, Verna, Coals of Fire: The Development of the Caribbean Fireplace Technology with Traditional Customs, Myths and Sayings.)</p><br>
<p>According to island residents, on JVD, people would work collectively to build charcoal pits, a practice that occasionally continues to this day. The pits were often a social gathering place, women might use the heat of the fire to bake bread or roast breadfruit while the men might play dominoes around the pit.</p><br>
<p>Maritime resources were also extremely important historically to the people of Jost Van Dyke, and the island has emerged as a fishing village. The desire for trade and social interaction with nearby islands stimulated the development of seafaring skills. Sailing, fishing, rowing and boat construction flourished. Small, locally constructed sailing vessels the "Tortola Boat" flourished in the BVI until about the 1960s when they were replaced with motorized craft.</p><br>
<h3>Hurricane Irma</h3><br>
<p>Jost Van Dyke, like the rest of the British Virgin Islands, suffered catastrophic damage from Hurricane Irma, a Category 5 storm which struck the territory in September 2017. The islands hillsides were stripped of vegetation. Jost Van Dykes primary school, health clinic, and two gas stations were damaged, while most of the island&#39;s homes were destroyed.</p><br>
<p>With little aid from the British or territorial governments during the week following the storm, Jost Van Dykes 298 residents set up a recovery and command center Foxy’s Tamarind Bar and Restaurant. Food from other restaurants and residences were brought to Foxys, which housed the island&#39;s only major, surviving refrigerator and generators before others were repaired by the Royal Marines later that month. Residents used a salvaged chainsaw to clear roads and connect remote parts of the islands.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics and tourism</h2><br>
<p>As at the 2010 Census, the population of Jost Van Dyke was 298. The population has grown strongly in recent decades, in line with the population of the Virgin Islands. Its recorded population in 1991 was 140. The island has a young population with nearly one-half (46%) of residents under the age of 35 and almost 70% under the age of 50.</p><br>
<p>Jost Van Dyke receives numerous visitors. The island is accessible by private boats and ferry service from Tortola, Saint Thomas, and Saint John.</p><br>
<p>The most frequent destination is Great Harbour (or Belle Vue). The beach strip around the harbour is lined with small bars and restaurants. Since the late 1960s, Foxys Bar in Great Harbour has been a popular stop for Caribbean boaters. Foxys and the other bars in Great Harbour now host a modest crowd year-round and are filled with thousands of partiers on New Year&#39;s Eve (locally known as "Old Year’s Night").</p><br>
<p>Great Harbour is one of the busiest ports in the BVI: in 2008, nearly 7,000 boats cleared through the island&#39;s port. Today, tourism, and particularly yachting tourism is the mainstay of the economy.</p><br>
<p>Located in nearby White Bay is the Soggy Dollar Bar, another famous beach bar on the island. It is reputedly the birthplace of the popular drink known as the Painkiller. The Soggy Dollar bar is appropriately named because when built there was neither road nor dock. (There is now a road from Belle Vue, but still no dock). To reach the beach where the bar is located, it is a common practice for boaters to anchor off the beach, swim to shore, and pay for their drinks with wet money. Today, White Bay is lined with beach bars and is a very popular stop for yachts and boaters from Tortola, St. Thomas, and St. John. Group tours from the USVI and even small cruise ships are also frequent visitors.</p><br>
<p>On the east side of Jost Van Dyke, Foxy&#39;s Taboo is a locally famous lunch restaurant, bar, and gift shop. A dock is available for day boaters. Nearby, a natural rock formation called the bubbly pool is popular attraction. It gets its name from the bubbles that form in the water when waves crash against the rocks.</p><br>
<p>The country music video for Kenny Chesneys 2002 recording "No Shoes, No Shirt, No Problems" was filmed on and around Jost Van Dyke. Included in the video were several scenes at One Love Bar and Ivans Stress-Free Bar where it is common for patrons to mix their own drinks and leave their payment in the register. Chesney also references Jost Van Dyke in his song "Somewhere in The Sun" from his album Be as You Are (Songs from an Old Blue Chair).</p><br>
<h2>Education</h2><br>
<p>The British Virgin Islands operates several government schools.</p><br>
<p>Jost Van Dyke residents are served by Jost Van Dyke Primary School which offers both primary and secondary education., after students graduate from primary school they attend secondary (high school) for two years on Jost Van Dyke. After completing two years of high school on Jost Van Dyke, students travel daily from Monday to Friday to the main island of Tortola to attend the Elmore Stoutt High School. Students must catch the 7:00 am ferry (NEW HORIZON FERRY SERVICE) and return to Jost Van Dyke on the 4:00 pm ferry.</p><br>
<p>The Tule Lake Unit of the World War II Valor in the Pacific National Monument in Modoc and Siskiyou counties in California, consists primarily of the site of the Tule Lake War Relocation Center, one of ten concentration camps constructed in 1942 by the United States government to incarcerate Japanese Americans forcibly removed from their homes on the West Coast. They totaled nearly 120,000 people, two-thirds of whom were United States citizens.</p><br>
<p>After a period of use, this facility was renamed the Tule Lake Segregation Center in 1943, and used as a maximum security, segregation camp to separate and hold those prisoners considered disloyal or disruptive to the other camps&#39; operations. That year inmates from other camps were sent here to segregate them from the general population. Draft resisters and others who protested the injustices of the camps, including by their answers on the loyalty questionnaire, were sent here. At its peak, Tule Lake Segregation Center (with 18,700 inmates) was the largest of the ten camps and most controversial.</p><br>
<p>After the war it became a holding area for Japanese Americans slated for deportation or expatriation to Japan, including some who had renounced US citizenship under duress. Many joined a class action suit because of civil rights abuses; many gained the chance to stay in the United States through court hearings but did not regain their citizenship due to opposition by the Department of Justice. The camp was not closed until March 1946, months after the end of the war. Twenty years later, members of the class action suit gained restoration of US citizenship through court rulings.</p><br>
<p>California later designated this Tule Lake camp site as a California Historical Landmark and in 2006, it was ranked as a National Historic Landmark. In December 2008, the Tule Lake Unit was designated by President George W. Bush as one of nine sites—the only one in the contiguous 48 states—to be part of the new World War II Valor in the Pacific National Monument, marking areas of major events during the war. In addition to remains of the concentration camp, this unit includes Tulelake camp, also used during the war; as well as the rock formation known as the Peninsula/Castle Rock.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Executive Order 9066, issued by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in early 1942 as a response to the attack on Pearl Harbor, authorized establishing an Exclusion Zone on the West Coast, from which local military authorities could remove certain populations under wartime exigency. Military commanders ordered the forced removal and incarceration of the nearly 120,000 Japanese Americans living on the West Coast of the United States, two-thirds of whom were United States citizens. A late 20th-century study revealed that internal government studies of the time recommended against such mass exclusion and incarceration, and the study included this decision was based on racism, wartime hysteria and failed political leadership.</p><br>
<p>The War Relocation Authority (WRA) built ten concentration camps, referred to euphemistically as "relocation centers," in remote rural areas in the interior of the country. Tule Lake Relocation Center opened on May 27, 1942 and initially held approximately 11,800 Japanese Americans, who were primarily from Sacramento, King and Hood River counties in California, Washington and Oregon, respectively.</p><br>
<p>In late 1943, the WRA issued a questionnaire intended to assess the loyalty of imprisoned Japanese Americans. The "loyalty questionnaire," as it came to be known, was originally a form circulated among draft-age men whom the military hoped to conscript into service—after assessing their loyalty and "Americanness." It soon was made mandatory for all adults in the ten camps. Two questions stirred up confusion and unrest among camp inmates. Question 27 asked, "Are you willing to serve in the armed forces of the United States on combat duty, wherever ordered?" The final question 28 asked, "Will you swear unqualified allegiance to the United States and faithfully defend the United States from any or all attack by foreign or domestic forces, and forswear any form of allegiance or obedience to the Japanese emperor, or any other foreign government, power or organization?"</p><br>
<p>The first question met resistance from young men who, while not opposed to military service outright, felt insulted that the government, having stripped them of their rights as citizens, would ask them to risk their lives in combat. Many responded with qualified statements such as, "I&#39;ll serve in the Army when my family is freed," or refused to answer the questions altogether.</p><br>
<p>Many interns had problems with the second question. Many were insulted that the question implied they ever had allegiance to a country they had either left behind decades before or, for most US citizens, never visited. Others, especially the non-citizen Issei, feared they would be deported to Japan no matter how they answered, and worried that an affirmative answer would cause them to be seen as enemy aliens by the Japanese. Issei, and many Nisei and Kibei who held dual citizenship, worried they would lose their Japanese citizenship, leaving them stateless if they were expatriated from the United States, which they feared was inevitable, given what had already occurred. In addition to these concerns, some inmates answered "no" to both questions in protest of their imprisonment and loss of civil rights. Often Issei and Kibei, who spoke little or no English, simply did not understand the poorly phrased questions or their implications, and did not answer.</p><br>
<h3>Tule Lake Segregation Center</h3><br>
<p>In 1943 the center was renamed the Tule Lake Segregation Center. The War Relocation Authority proposed to use it to separate inmates suspected of being disloyal, or those who protested conditions and were disruptive in their camps. It was fortified as a maximum security facility and it quickly became the most repressive of the government&#39;s 10 concentration camps. Interns who had responded with unqualified "yes" answers to the loyalty questionnaire were given the choice to transfer from Tule Lake to another WRA camp. Approximately 6,500 "loyal" Tule Lake inmates were transferred to six camps in Colorado, Utah, Idaho, and Arkansas.</p><br>
<p>The more than 12,000 imprisoned Japanese Americans classified as "disloyal" because of their responses to the poorly worded loyalty questions were gradually transferred to Tule Lake during the remainder of 1943. Unsanitary, squalid living conditions, inadequate medical care, poor food, and unsafe or underpaid working conditions prompted prisoner protests at Tule Lake and several other camps. On November 14, after a series of meetings and demonstrations by prisoners over the poor living conditions at the overpopulated camp, the army imposed martial law in Tule Lake. The Army had additional barracks constructed early in 1944 to accommodate a second influx of segregated inmates, pushing the already swollen population to 18,700.</p><br>
<p>Martial law in Tule Lake ended January 15, 1944, but many prisoners were bitter after months of living with a curfew, unannounced barracks searches, and restrictions that put a stop to recreational activities and most employment in camp. Ninety-eight percent of those who renounced their citizenship were inmates at Tule Lake, where conditions had been so harsh.</p><br>
<p>During 1945 after the war&#39;s end, the other nine WRA camps were closed as Japanese Americans gradually returned to their home towns or settled elsewhere. Tule Lake was operated to hold those who had renounced their citizenship and Issei who had requested repatriation to Japan. Most no longer wished to leave the United States (and many had never truly wanted to leave in the first place). Civil rights attorney Wayne M. Collins became interested in the issues of the internment of the Japanese Americans and learned about the loyalty questionnaires and other issues. Collins helped shut down the Tule Lake stockades, and he helped 3,000 of the 4,327 Japanese Americans originally slated for deportation remain in the United States as their choice.</p><br>
<p>Those who wanted to stay in the United States and regain their citizenship (if they had it), were confined in Tule Lake until hearings at which their cases would be heard and fates determined. After the last cases were decided, the camp closed in March 1946. Although these Japanese Americans were released from camp and allowed to stay in the USA, Nisei and Kibei who had renounced their citizenship were not able to have it restored. Collins filed a class action suit on their behalf and the presiding judge voided the renunciations, finding they had been given under duress, but the ruling was overturned by the Department of Justice.</p><br>
<p>After a 20-year legal battle, Collins finally succeeded in gaining restoration in the 1960s of the citizenship of those covered by the class action suit.</p><br>
<h2>Victory for Tule Lake draft resisters</h2><br>
<p>Some of the Japanese-American draft resisters wanted to use their cases to challenge their incarceration and loss of rights as US citizens. United States v. Masaaki Kuwabara, was the only World War II-era Japanese-American draft resistance case to be dismissed out of court based on a due process violation of the USA Constitution. It was a forerunner of the Korematsu and Endo cases argued before the US Supreme Court, later in December 1944.</p><br>
<p>Judge Louis E. Goodman went out of his way to help fellow native Californian and lead defendant Masaaki Kuwabara by hand-picking his defense attorney, Blaine McGowan, who entered a Motion to Quash Proceedings based on the governments abrogation of his clients due process rights, guaranteed to every American citizen by the USA Constitution. Without explicitly describing Kuwabara as a victim of federal anti-Japanese racism, Judge Goodman viewed the man&#39;s experience in this light. He ruled against the United States, which incarcerated the defendant in a USA concentration camp; categorized him as a Class 4-C Enemy Alien; and then drafted him into military service. Kuwabara refused to obey the draft until his rights as an American citizen were restored to him.</p><br>
<h2>Events since the late 20th century</h2><br>
<p>Japanese-American activists revisited the civil rights issues of the forced relocation and incarceration of their people from the West Coast. They were the only ethnic group associated with the Axis Powers who were incarcerated en masse in the United States. In Hawaii, where 150,000 Japanese Americans comprised one-third of the population, only a small number were interned during the war. Japanese-American groups began to organize to educate the public, build support for their case, and lobby the government for redress. Finally the Japanese American Citizens League joined this movement, although it had initially opposed it.</p><br>
<h3>Pilgrimages</h3><br>
<p>Starting in 1974, Tule Lake was the site of several pilgrimages by activists calling for an official apology from the USA government for the injustices to Japanese Americans, both citizens and non-citizens. The pilgrimages (every even year, around the 4th of July), serving educational purposes, continue to this day. This Redress Movement gradually gained widespread support and Congress passed the Civil Liberties Act of 1988, which was signed into law by President Ronald Reagan. It included an official governmental apology for the injustices and payment of compensation to camp survivors. A similar law was passed in 1992 to provide for compensation to additional Japanese Americans.</p><br>
<p>Groups making the annual pilgrimage have organized them around specific themes, and used them as a basis for education, as in the following:</p><br>
<p>2000 &ndash; Honoring our Living Treasures, Forging New Links (7/1-4)</p><br>
<p>2002 &ndash; As We Revisit the Meaning of Patriotism and Loyalty (7/4-7)</p><br>
<p>2004 &ndash; Citizens Betrayed (7/2-5)</p><br>
<p>2006 &ndash; Dignity and Survival in a Divided Community</p><br>
<p>2009 &ndash; Shared Remebrances (7/2-5)</p><br>
<p>2010 &ndash; Untold Stories of Tule Lake (7/2-5)</p><br>
<p>2012 &ndash; Understanding No-No and Renunciation (6/30-7/3)</p><br>
<h3>Federal grant program</h3><br>
<p>On December 21, 2006 USA President George W. Bush signed H.R. 1492 into law, creating the Japanese American Confinement Sites grant program. This authorized the appropriation of $38,000,000 in federal grant money to preserve and interpret the system of Japanese-American incarceration sites, including the temporary WCCA sites, the ten WRA concentration camps and the Department of Justice internment camps.</p><br>
<h2>Monument management</h2><br>
<p>The Monument is jointly managed by the National Park Service (NPS) and the USA Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS.)</p><br>
<p>The national monument consists of three separate units; the Tule Lake Segregation Center near Newell, nearby Camp Tulelake, and a rock formation known as The Peninsula/Castle Rock near Newell. The Tule Lake Segregation Center is solely managed by the NPS. Camp Tulelake is jointly managed by the NPS and USFWS; the USFWS manages/owns the land, and the NPS maintains the buildings and provides interpretive programs. The Peninsula/Castle Rock is solely managed by the USFWS. Locally, USFWS responsibilities are handled by the administration of Lava Beds National Monument and the Tule Lake National Wildlife Refuge.</p><br>
<h2>Notable inmates</h2><br>
<p>Violet Kazue de Cristoforo (1917&ndash;2007), poet. Also interned at Jerome.</p><br>
<p>Hiroshi Honda (1910&ndash;1970), an American painter.</p><br>
<p>Yamato Ichihashi (1878&ndash;1963), one of the first academics of Asian ancestry in the United States.</p><br>
<p>Harvey Itano (1920&ndash;2010), became a biochemist best known for his work on the molecular basis of sickle cell anemia and other diseases.</p><br>
<p>Hiroshi Kashiwagi (born 1922), became a poet, playwright and actor.</p><br>
<p>Taky Kimura (born 1924), martial arts practitioner and instructor. Also interned at Minidoka.</p><br>
<p>Mary Koga (née Mary Hisako Ishii, 1920&ndash;2001), a photographer and social worker.</p><br>
<p>Tommy Kono (1930-2016), an Olympic gold medalist weightlifter and world record holder.</p><br>
<p>Joseph Kurihara (1895–1965), a renunciant. Also interned at Manzanar.</p><br>
<p>Masaaki Kuwabara (1913–1993), lead defendant in United States v. Masaaki Kuwabara, the only Japanese-American draft resistance case to be dismissed on the basis of a due process violation of the USA Constitution.</p><br>
<p>Bob Matsui (1941&ndash;2005), was elected to 13-terms as member of the USA House of Representatives.</p><br>
<p>Tsutomu "Jimmy" Mirikitani (1920–2012), Sacramento, California), artist and subject of The Cats of Mirikitani, an award-winning documentary film.</p><br>
<p>Manjo and Betty Miyata, grandparents of NASCAR driver Kyle Larson.</p><br>
<p>Pat Morita (1932&ndash;2005), became an actor best known for his role in the Karate Kid films. Also interned at Gila River.</p><br>
<p>Jimmy Murakami (1933&ndash;2014), an animator and director.</p><br>
<p>George Nakano (born 1935), a former California State Assemblyman</p><br>
<p>Alan Nakanishi (born 1940), a California politician</p><br>
<p>James K. Okubo (1920&ndash;1967), a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the Medal of Honor.</p><br>
<p>James Otsuka (1921&ndash;1984), a conscientious objector during World War II and a war tax resister.</p><br>
<p>Yuki Shimoda (1921&ndash;1981), an actor.</p><br>
<p>Sab Shimono (born 1943), an actor. Also interned at Granada.</p><br>
<p>Hana Shimozumi (1893&ndash;1978), an American singer.</p><br>
<p>Noboru Shirai, author of "Tule Lake: An Issei Memoir." Born in Hiroshima, Japan, he emigrated to the USA in 1934, married Akiko May Taketa (a UC Berkeley graduate born and raised in Sacramento) and was a graduate student at Stanford University in 1942. After his release from Tule Lake, Shirai became a successful California businessman.</p><br>
<p>Robert Mitsuhiro Takasugi (1930&ndash;2009), first Japanese-American appointed to the federal bench.</p><br>
<p>George Takei (born 1937), an American actor best known for his role in Star Trek. Also interned at Rohwer.</p><br>
<p>George T. Tamura (1927&ndash;2010), an artist.</p><br>
<p>Kazue Togasaki (1897-1992), one of the first two women of Japanese ancestry to earn a medical degree in the United States. Also interned at Topaz and Manzanar.</p><br>
<p>Taitetsu Unno (1930&ndash;2014), a Buddhist scholar, lecturer, and author. Also interned at Rohwer.</p><br>
<p>Jimi Yamaichi member of the 27 draft resisters of conscience, a Tule Lake survivor who shares his memories at the biennial pilgrimages, and promotes preservation of the site.</p><br>
<p>Takuji Yamashita (1874&ndash;1959), an early 20th-century civil rights pioneer. Also interned at Minidoka.</p><br>
<p>Kenneth Yasuda (1914&ndash;2002), scholar and translator.</p><br>
<h2>Terminology</h2><br>
<p>Since the end of World War II, there has been debate over the terminology used to refer to Tule Lake, and the other camps in which Japanese Americans were imprisoned by the United States Government during the war. Tule Lake has been referred to as a "relocation camp," "relocation center," "internment camp", "concentration camp", and "segregation center," and the controversy over which term is the most accurate and appropriate continues into the early 21st century. Activists and scholars believe the government terms: relocation and internment, are euphemisms for forced deportation and concentration camps.</p><br>
<p>Dr. James Hirabayashi, Professor Emeritus and former Dean of Ethnic Studies at San Francisco State University, wrote a 1994 article in which he questioned why euphemistic terms for camps such as Tule Lake continue to be used.</p><br>
<p>Hirabayashi said it was harmful to use such euphemisms as they hid the reality of what took place, and the injustices committed against US citizens depriving them of fundamental rights. He addressed the issue of whether or not only the Nazi camps can be called "concentration camps."</p><br>
<p>In 1998, use of the term "concentration camps" gained greater credibility prior to the opening of an exhibit at Ellis Island about the World War II incarceration of Japanese Americans. Initially, the American Jewish Committee (AJC) and the National Park Service, which manages Ellis Island, objected to the use of the term in the exhibit. But, during a subsequent meeting held at the offices of the AJC in New York City, leaders representing Japanese Americans and Jewish Americans reached an understanding about the use of the term. After the meeting, the Japanese American National Museum and the AJC issued a joint statement (which was included in the exhibit) that read in part:</p><br>
<p>The New York Times published an unsigned editorial supporting the use of the term "concentration camp" in the exhibit. An article quoted Jonathan Mark, a columnist for The Jewish Week, who wrote, "Can no one else speak of slavery, gas, trains, camps? Its Jewish malpractice to monopolize pain and minimize victims." AJC Executive Director David A. Harris stated during the controversy, "We have not claimed Jewish exclusivity for the term concentration camps.&#39;"</p><br>
<p>On July 7, 2012, at their annual convention, the National Council of the Japanese American Citizens League unanimously ratified the Power of Words Handbook, calling for the use of</p><br>
<p>"truthful and accurate terms, and retiring the misleading euphemisms created by the government to cover up the denial of Constitutional and human rights, the force, oppressive conditions, and racism against 120,000 innocent people of Japanese ancestry locked up in America’s World War II concentration camps."</p><br>
<p>According to the Power Of Words Handbook:</p><br>
<p>The Hakkōda Mountains is a volcanic mountain range that lies to the south of Aomori city in Aomori Prefecture, Japan. The range consists of more than a dozen stratovolcanoes and lava domes arranged into two volcanic groups.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The highest peak in the range is Mount Ōdake, which can be climbed from Sukayu Onsen in about four hours. Heavy snowfall makes Hakkoda a prime destination for backcountry and mountain skiers, and there are two mountain huts for overnight trips. The lower slopes of the mountains are forested interspersed with moorland. Above 1300 meters, the Alpine climate zone starts.</p><br>
<p>The Hakkōda Mountains, along with Lake Towada and the Oirase Valley make up the Towada-Hachimantai National Park.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The volcanic peaks are made of non-alkali mafic rock</p><br>
<h2>List of peaks</h2><br>
<p>The following is a list of peaks and their heights:</p><br>
<p>Northern Group:</p><br>
<p>Mount Ōdake 1585 m</p><br>
<p>Mount Takada-Ōdake 1552 m</p><br>
<p>Mount Idodake 1537 m</p><br>
<p>Mount Akakuradake 1521 m</p><br>
<p>Mount Kodake 1478 m</p><br>
<p>Mount Iōdake 1360 m</p><br>
<p>Mount Tamoyachidake 1324 m</p><br>
<p>Mount Maedake 1251.7 m</p><br>
<p>Mount Hinadake 1240.3 m</p><br>
<p>Mount Ishikuradake 1202 m</p><br>
<p>Mount Tsurugi</p><br>
<p>Southern Group:</p><br>
<p>Kushi Summit 1516.5 m</p><br>
<p>* Includes Mount Kamidake 1516.5 m and Mount Shimodake 1342 m</p><br>
<p>Mount Norikuradake 1450 m</p><br>
<p>Koma Summit 1416 m</p><br>
<p>Mount Sarukuradake 1353.6 m</p><br>
<p>Mount Yokodake 1339.4 m</p><br>
<p>Mount Akakuradake 1290 m</p><br>
<p>Mount Minamizawadake 1198.8 m</p><br>
<p>Mount Sakasagawadake 1183 m</p><br>
<h2>Wetlands</h2><br>
<p>The Hakkōda Mountain are famous for their high-altitude wetlands:</p><br>
<p>Sennnin Wetland (仙人岱)</p><br>
<p>Kenashi Wetlands (毛無岱)</p><br>
<p>Tamo Wetland (田茂萢)</p><br>
<p>Suiren Lake (睡蓮沼)</p><br>
<p>Tashiro Plateau Wetland (田代平湿原)</p><br>
<h2>Disaster of the Fifth Infantry Group</h2><br>
<p>The Hakkōda Mountains incident occurred on January 23, 1902, when a group of Imperial Japanese Army soldiers marched in a blizzard on the Hakkōda Mountains en route to Tashiro Hot Spring located in the Hakkōda Mountains. The 199 deaths during a single ascent make it the world&#39;s largest mountaineering disaster in the modern history of mountain climbing.</p><br>
<p>Overbrook High School is a public, four-year secondary school in the Overbrook section of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<h2>School</h2><br>
<p>Overbrook High School is designated by the School District of Philadelphia as Location #402, in the West Region. The building was built in 1924 and designed by Irwin T. Catharine. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>Enrollment for 2004–05 was 2,075 students in grades 9 through 12. African Americans make up 99% of the student population, with whites, Asians, and Latinos accounting for most of the rest of 2006. As of 2015, the school principal of Overbrook is Yvette Jackson.</p><br>
<h2>Notable alumni</h2><br>
<p>Overbrook is perhaps best known for its famous alumni, who include Wilt Chamberlain and Will Smith. At least 11 Overbrook alumni have played in the NBA, and the school is ranked sixth in that respect.</p><br>
<p>The Cathedral of the Madeleine is a Roman Catholic church in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States. It was completed in 1909 and currently serves as the cathedral, or mother church, of the Diocese of Salt Lake City. It is the only cathedral in the US under the patronage of St. Mary Magdalene.</p><br>
<p>The cathedral was built under the direction of Lawrence Scanlan, the first bishop of Salt Lake. It was designed by architects Carl M. Neuhausen and Bernard O. Mecklenburg. The outside is predominantly a Neo-Romanesque design, while the inside tends more toward the Neo-Gothic. Construction began in 1900 and was completed in 1909. It was dedicated by Cardinal James Gibbons, Archbishop of Baltimore.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the cathedral was created under the direction of Joseph S. Glass, the second bishop of Salt Lake. Bishop Glass enlisted John Theodore Comes, one of the preeminent architects in the country, to decorate the interior of the cathedral. His plans for the interior were largely based upon the Spanish Gothic style. The colorful murals and polychrome were added at this time, as were the ornate shrines.</p><br>
<p>In the 1970s, the exterior of the building was restored, and between 1991 and 1993, the interior of the Cathedral was renovated and restored under Bishop William K. Weigand. This included not only the removal of dust and dirt and restoration of the interior but also changes to the liturgical elements of the cathedral to bring them into conformity with certain widespread changes in liturgical practice that developed after the Second Vatican Council.</p><br>
<p>This included building a new altar, moving the bishop&#39;s chair, providing a separate chapel for the Blessed Sacrament, and adding a more ample baptismal font. The major restoration of the interior of the cathedral was accomplished through the vision of Monsignor M. Francis Mannion.</p><br>
<p>The Cathedral is home to the only co-educational Catholic Choir School in the United States. The Madeleine Choir School, established in 1996, now serves over 350 students in Pre-Kindergarten through Grade Eight.</p><br>
<p>Composer Amédée Tremblay notably served as the church&#39;s organist from 1920 to 1925.</p><br>
<p>Cathedral Madeline 1908.jpgThe cathedral in 1908</p><br>
<p>The Holy Trinity Cathedral, also known as Holy Trinity Greek Orthodox Church, is a Greek Orthodox Church in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States. Built in 1923, the church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Greek Orthodox community of Salt Lake City organized in 1905 to form its first church, becoming the 14th Greek Orthodox parish community in the United States and the oldest between the Mississippi River and the Pacific coast. After an initial meeting in January, the community acquired a site for a church at 439 West 400 South and obtained a loan for construction. The first priest arrived from Greece in April. The first church building was dedicated on October 29, 1905, and named Holy Trinity Greek Orthodox Church.</p><br>
<p>The church was a central element of Greek Town in the non-Mormon immigrant district of Salt Lake City and served Serbian and Russian immigrants in addition to Greeks.</p><br>
<p>The church&#39;s Byzantine architecture was unusual for the region. Design was by a local architecture firm, Pope and Burton, in collaboration with a Greek architect from Chicago, N. A, Dokas.</p><br>
<p>Holy Trinity was elevated to the status of a cathedral in 1968 during a visit by Archbishop Iakovos, primate of the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America.</p><br>
<p>Holy Trinity Cathedral underwent a major renovation between 1997 and 2005, at a cost of $4.2 million.</p><br>
<h2>Hellenic Cultural Museum</h2><br>
<p>The lower level of the building houses the Hellenic Cultural Museum, opened in 1992. The museum&#39;s exhibits focus on the early history of Greek immigration and immigrant life in Utah and the Salt Lake Valley.</p><br>
<p>Sailors&#39; Snug Harbor, also known as Sailors Snug Harbor or Snug Harbor Cultural Center and Botanical Garden or, informally, Snug Harbor, is a collection of architecturally significant 19th-century buildings set in an 83-acre park along the Kill Van Kull on the north shore of Staten Island in New York City, United States. It was once a home for aged sailors. Some of the buildings and the grounds are used by arts organizations under the umbrella of the Snug Harbor Cultural Center and Botanical Garden.</p><br>
<p>Sailors Snug Harbor includes 26 Greek Revival, Beaux Arts, Italianate and Victorian style buildings. The site is considered Staten Islands "crown jewel" and "an incomparable remnant of New York&#39;s 19th-century seafaring past." It is a National Historic Landmark District.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Snug Harbor was founded through a bequest after the death of Revolutionary War soldier and ship master Captain Robert Richard Randall, namesake of the nearby neighborhood of Randall Manor. Randall left his country estate in Manhattan, bounded by Fifth Avenue, Broadway, 10th Street, and the southern side of 8th Street adjacent to what is now Washington Square, to build an institution to care for "aged, decrepit and worn-out" seamen. Randalls disappointed heirs contested the will extensively, delaying the opening of the sailors home for decades. By the time the will challenge was settled, the once-rural land around the Manhattan estate had become well-developed. Snug Harbors trustees (appointed by Randalls will, they included the mayor of New York City, the president and vice president of the Marine Society, senior ministers of the Episcopal and Presbyterian Churches, the head of the Chamber of Commerce, and the chancellor of the State) decided to maximize the profits on the Manhattan property. They changed the proposed site of the institution to another piece of land bequeathed by Randall: a 130-acre plot on Staten Island overlooking the Kill Van Kull.</p><br>
<p>Sailors Snug Harbor finally opened in 1833, the countrys first home for retired merchant seamen. The residents were referred to as "inmates" in the parlance of the day. The institution began with a single building, now the centerpiece in the row of five Greek Revival temple-like buildings on the New Brighton waterfront. From 1867 to 1884, Captain Thomas Melville, a retired sea captain and brother of Moby-Dick author Herman Melville, was governor of Snug Harbor. In 1890, Captain Gustavus Trask, the governor of Snug Harbor, built a Renaissance Revival church, the Randall Memorial Chapel and, next to it, a music hall, both designed by Robert W. Gibson. At its peak in the late 19th century, about 1,000 retired sailors lived at Snug Harbor, then one of the wealthiest charities in New York. Its Washington Square area properties yielded a surplus exceeding the retirement home&#39;s costs by $100,000 a year.</p><br>
<p>By the mid-20th century, however, Snug Harbor was in financial difficulty. Once-grand structures fell into disrepair, and some were demolished; the ornate white-marble Randall Memorial Church was torn down in 1952. With the arrival of the Social Security system in the 1930s, demand for accommodation for old sailors declined; by the mid-1950s, fewer than 200 residents remained.</p><br>
<p>In the 1960s, the institutions trustees proposed to redevelop the site with high-rise buildings; the new New York City Landmarks Commission stepped forward to save the remaining buildings, designating them landmark structures, and listing them on the National Register of Historic Places. A series of legal battles ensued, but the validity of landmark designation was ultimately upheld and it was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1965. In the 1970s, the trustees moved the institution to Sea Level, North Carolina and sold the Staten Island site to the City of New York. Today, Randalls Trust no longer operates a retirement home, but continues its work, using funds from the endowment to help mariners all over the country. Its office is at 40 Exchange Place, Suite 1701 NY, NY 10005.</p><br>
<p>On September 12, 1976, the Snug Harbor Cultural Center was opened to the public. In 2008, the Cultural Center and the Staten Island Botanical Garden merged to become the Snug Harbor Cultural Center and Botanical Garden.</p><br>
<p>The Sailors&#39; Snug Harbor Archives are preserved at the Stephen B. Luce Library at SUNY Maritime College in the Bronx.</p><br>
<p>A station on the now-defunct North Shore Branch of the Staten Island Railway bore the name Sailors Snug Harbor; a retaining wall and stairways from the station still exist. Now, the travels from and to the St. George Terminal, stopping at Snug Harbor&#39;s front gate.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The five interlocking Greek Revival buildings at Snug Harbor are regarded as "the most ambitious moment of the classic revival in the United States" and the "most extraordinary" suite of Greek temple-style buildings in the country. Built around the 1833 Building C, the buildings "form a symmetrical composition on Richmond Terrace, an eight-columned portico in the center and two six-columned porticoes on either end."</p><br>
<p>Paul Goldberger wrote, "Snug Harbor has something of the feel of a campus, something of the feel of a small-town square. Indeed, these rows of classical temples, set side-by-side with tiny connecting structures recessed behind the grand facades, are initially perplexing because they fit into no pattern we recognize &mdash; they are lined up as if on a street, yet they are set in the landscape of a park. They seem at once to embrace the 19th-century tradition of picturesque design and, by virtue of their rigid linear order, to reject it."</p><br>
<p>The 1833 administration building by Minard Lafever is a "magnificent" Greek Revival building with a monumental Ionic portico, and is the architect&#39;s oldest surviving work. It was renovated in 1884 with "an eye-popping triple-height gallery with stained glass and ceiling murals," and restored in the 1990s.</p><br>
<p>All five buildings are individually landmarked, as are: the 131-year-old chapel, which has been renovated as a recital and concert space; the Italinate Richmond Terrace gate house (1873), the mid-19th-century iron fence surrounding the property, and the interiors of Building C and the chapel.</p><br>
<h3>Grounds</h3><br>
<p>The buildings are set in extensive, landscaped grounds, surrounded by an individually landmarked, 19th-century cast-iron fence. They include a "beautiful" 1893 zinc fountain featuring the god Neptune, now indoors with a replica in its place. According to the New York Times, "He sits in the middle, astride a shell held aloft by sea monsters, his trident raised. Jets of water spurt from the fountains center and from bouquets of metal calla lilies to its sides. Visitors to Snug Harbor stop and watch, sitting on benches surrounding the scene, while workmen eat their lunches. It is quiet. Noisy New York and its busy harbor only 200 ft away, beyond Richmond Terrace, might just as well be on Mars. Or at least at the other end of His Majestys sea."</p><br>
<p>Also on the grounds is a bronze statue of Robert Randall by Augustus Saint-Gaudens.</p><br>
<h2>Snug Harbor Cultural Center and Botanical Garden</h2><br>
<p>Snug Harbor Cultural Center and Botanical Garden is a nonprofit, Smithsonian-affiliated organization that operates Sailors&#39; Snug Harbor. Its primary purpose is "to operate, manage and develop the premises known as Sailors Snug Harbor as a cultural and educational center and park." In 2005, it was among 406 New York City arts and social service institutions to receive part of a $20 million grant from the Carnegie Corporation, which was made possible through a donation by former Mayor of New York City Michael Bloomberg. In 2006, the revenues and expenses of the nonprofit were both around US$3.7 million, and its year-end assets were $2.6 million.</p><br>
<p>It is home to the Staten Island Children&#39;s Theater Association (SICTA) and the Staten Island Conservatory of Music. Other components include:</p><br>
<h3>Staten Island Botanical Garden</h3><br>
<p>The Staten Island Botanical Garden maintains extensive gardens including the White Garden, inspired by Vita Sackville-Wests famous garden at Sissinghurst; Connie Gretzs Secret Garden, complete with a castle, a maze and walled secret garden; and the New York Chinese Scholar&#39;s Garden, an authentic, walled, Chinese garden built in 1998 in the style of the famous gardens of Suzhou.</p><br>
<h3>Newhouse Center for Contemporary Art</h3><br>
<p>Established in 1977, the Newhouse Center for Contemporary Art exhibits the works of local and international artists. The center, which also provides artist-in-residence exhibitions, 15,000 ft&sup2; gallery space. It was founded in 1977 inside the architecturally significant Greek Revival buildings of Sailors Snug Harbor.</p><br>
<p>Although the Newhouse was founded with a focus is on artists who live or have their studios in Staten Island and art that reflects the history of Staten Island or Snug Harbor, the Newhouse moved on to a broader focus on contemporary art. Unlike many New York museums, the Newhouse has the space to mount large shows and large works, and can add outdoor sculpture to the mix.</p><br>
<h3>Noble Maritime Collection</h3><br>
<p>The Noble Maritime Collection is a museum with a particular emphasis on the work of artist/lithographer/sailor John A. Noble (1913–1983). The Washington Post called the exhibit of a houseboat that Noble converted into an artists studio "compelling...It is a home on the water and an artists lair all in one, complete with wooden surfaces, portholes, an engineers bed, a drawing table, and printmaking and etching implements. Inside, its easy to envision the boat moored in nearby waters while the son of painter John "Wichita Bill" Noble sketched maritime subjects from the 1930s until his death in 1983. The younger Noble made regular rowboat excursions to observe and document the working life of the waterfront. The Noble collection is a testament to a vibrant culture of ships, docks and laborers that has mostly disappeared from New York."</p><br>
<p>The New York Sun called the Noble collection "an unsung gem among New York museums."</p><br>
<h3>Staten Island Children's Museum</h3><br>
<p>The Staten Island Childrens Museum features a rotating collection of hands-on exhibits and a live animal collection of exotic arthropods. The Childrens Museum consists of the main building which was originally built in 1913 and the old snug harbor barn where the livestock was originally kept to feed the residents of Sailors Snug Harbor. When the museum was developed, a modern walkway was built connecting the two structures to create one museum building.</p><br>
<h3>Staten Island Museum</h3><br>
<p>The Staten Island Museum opened a location at Snug Harbor in September 2015. After operating two locations for almost two years, the museum closed the St. George location and consolidated its operations to the current building, Building A, at Snug Harbor. The Museum hopes to expand to building B by 2022.</p><br>
<h3>Art Lab</h3><br>
<p>Art Lab is a school of fine and applied art, founded in 1975 and offering art instruction and exhibitions.</p><br>
<h3>Music Hall</h3><br>
<p>An 686-seat Greek Revival auditorium,</p><br>
<h2>Snug Harbor Cemetery</h2><br>
<p>The residents of sailors snug harbor were buried on the grounds in what was called "monkey hill". The location of the cemetery is across the road from the current snug harbor complex in Allison Pond Park which used to be part of the original snug harbor campus. The Lake in Alisons Park served as a water supply for the snug harbor facility until 1939. The cemetery portion (surrounded by a red brick wall) is still owned by the Snug Harbor center while the remaining land was sold in 1975 to the city and turned into a public park with hiking trails. The majority of the over thousand bodies (including those of military naval sailors) lay in unmarked graves because their headstones were removed in the 80&#39;s and put into a storage room on the main campus for "preservation".</p><br>
<h2>Murders & Suicides</h2><br>
<p>On January 30, 1863 at 9 A.M the chaplain of Snug Harbor, Reverend Robert Quinn was shot by a sailor resident named Herman Ingalls with a double barrel pistol outside the snug harbor chapel. Herman Ingalls then turned the firearm on himself and died at 10PM in the Snug Harbor hospital located on the grounds.</p><br>
<p>Local legend tells of a second murder that occurred in Snug Harbor. According to a persistent legend, a female matron was murdered in the matrons cottage on the grounds by her illegitimate son, who was later hanged as punishment. However unlike the Rev. Quinn murder in 1863, no official documentation has been found to support proof of the matron murder.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>In an 1898 article in Ainslees Magazine, "When The Sails Are Furled: Sailors Snug Harbor," the soon-to-be-famous novelist Theodore Dreiser provided an amusing non-fiction account of the obstreperous and frequently intoxicated residents of Snug Harbor.</p><br>
<p>The American maritime folk song collector William Main Doerflinger collected a number of songs from residents at Sailor&#39;s Snug Harbor which were among those published in his 1951 compilation, "Shantymen and Shantyboys", reprinted in 1972 as "Songs of the Sailorman and Lumberman".</p><br>
<p>In 2004, local performing arts company Sundog Theatre commissioned an original play by Damon DiMarco and Jeffrey Harper about the sailors life at Snug Harbor. My Mariners was performed at the Harbors Veteran&#39;s Memorial Hall.</p><br>
<p>The final scene of the movie Fur, showing a nudist camp, was filmed at Snug Harbor in July 2006.</p><br>
<p>The 2009 illustrated novel Peter Pigeon of Snug Harbor, by Ed Weiss, is set almost entirely at Snug Harbor - from its days as an old sailors&#39; home to its new incarnation as an arts center.</p><br>
<p>Parts of the 2011 music video for "Marry The Night", Lady Gaga&#39;s fifth and final single off her album Born This Way, were filmed at Snug Harbor.</p><br>
<p>Damsels in Distress, a 2012 film by writer-director Whit Stillman starring Greta Gerwig and Adam Brody, was shot largely at Snug Harbor, which served as the campus of the movie&#39;s fictional Seven Oaks College.</p><br>
<p>In January 2013, an episode of Ghost Adventures was filmed at and focused on Sailor&#39;s Snug Harbor and the spirits haunting the area.</p><br>
<p>The 2017 Netflix TV series Iron Fist was partially filmed at Snug Harbor, which served in the show as a training compound for the Hand.</p><br>
<p>El Escorpión Park is a three-acre  park located in the Simi Hills of the western San Fernando Valley, in the West Hills district of Los Angeles, California. The park contains the geographic landmark known as Escorpión Peak or Castle Peak , a 1,475-foot-tall  rocky peak seen from most parts of the park and the surrounding community.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>The El Escorpión Park entrance and parking is at the western end of Vanowen Street, west of Valley Circle Boulevard, in West Hills.</p><br>
<p>The park is open from sunrise to sunset, 7 days a week. The trails are available for walking, hiking, rock climbing, mountain biking and equestrian use. Dogs are allowed on a leash. Rattlesnakes live in the area, requiring observant footfalls and handholds. Unauthorized motor vehicles and motorbikes are not permitted.</p><br>
<p>El Escorpión Park is managed by the Los Angeles Department of Recreation and Parks.</p><br>
<h2>Hiking</h2><br>
<h3>The peak</h3><br>
<p>Climbing the rough south side trail to the summit of Castle Peak is not for beginners and is considered challenging. This hike is not recommended for children. The final climb to the top of the peak requires climbing over boulders and other rocks, and missteps or slips can result in a fall. Intermediate and advanced hikers will enjoy the vertical challenge, around 561 feet (171 m) of gain in a very short distance. The beginning of the trail in Moores Canyon is easily seen at the base of the peak. Around 3/4 of the way up the trail becomes more difficult to see, the easiest route veers to the left (west).</p><br>
<h3>Other trails</h3><br>
<p>At the summit, along the western ridge-line, there is a trail west to a small meadow. At the meadow&#39;s southern cliff-edge: overlooking Moores Canyon, lower El Escorpión Park, and the Upper Las Virgenes Canyon Open Space Preserve; a panoramic view of the Santa Monica Mountains, Simi Hills, Santa Susana Mountains, San Gabriel Mountains, and the San Fernando Valley. A trail leads northward toward Bell Creek, the community of Bell Canyon, and Bell Canyon Park.</p><br>
<p>The 1769 the Juan Bautista de Anza expedition, the first European exploration by land of Las Californias, passed by the area. The USA National Park service&#39;s Juan Bautista de Anza National Historic Trail goes through Moores Canyon in the Park, from the Vanowen Street end and continuing west through the Upper Las Virgenes Canyon Open Space Preserve.</p><br>
<p>An informal small circular mountain bike area with easy jumps is located in upper Moores Canyon near the cyclone fence by the El Escorpión Park and Upper Las Virgenes Canyon Preserve boundary. Several trails goes northwest from this area, around the western side of the Peak, to connect with the trail down Bell Canyon along Bell Creek to Bell Creek Park, and even on to the Victory Trailhead for full loop.</p><br>
<p>There are many other trails available for exploration in the area They are shown on the Victory Boulevards trailhead map display. Los Angeles Citys Bell Canyon Park adjoins directly north, with trails along riparian Bell Creek, past the community of Bell Canyon, and to the longer northern route up Castle Peak. The expansive 3,000-acre (12 km²) Upper Las Virgenes Canyon Open Space Preserve adjoins along the southwest of El Escorpión Park with miles of trails and even further links west to the Santa Monica Mountains Conservancy Cheeseboro/Palo Comado Canyon Park&#39;s trails.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Castle Peak is the corrupted American form of the Ventureño Chumash name for the peak, which was kaseleew (also, Kaselew) in the Chumash language, The area was inhabited for around 8,000 years by Native Americans of the Tongva-Fernandeño and Chumash-Ventureño tribes that lived in the Simi Hills and close to tributaries of the Los Angeles River. A village, Huwam (Ventureño Chumash placename), was located at the base of Castle Peak along present Bell Creek near the mouth of Bell Canyon. It was a meeting and trading point for them with the Tongva-Fernandeño and Tataviam-Fernandeño people.</p><br>
<h2>Adjacent parks</h2><br>
<p>Bell Canyon Park</p><br>
<p>Upper Las Virgenes Canyon Open Space Preserve</p><br>
<p>Castle Peak is the ninth highest summit of the Rocky Mountains of North America and the USA state of Colorado. The prominent 4,352.2 m fourteener is the highest summit of the Elk Mountains and the Maroon Bells-Snowmass Wilderness. The peak is located 18.7 km northeast by north  of the Town of Crested Butte, Colorado, United States, on the drainage divide separating Gunnison National Forest and Gunnison County from White River National Forest and Pitkin County. The summit of Castle Peak is the highest point of both counties.</p><br>
<h2>Mountain</h2><br>
<p>Castle Peak takes its name from its castellated summit. The best climbing months are June, July, August, September through the Montezuma Glacier, a permanent snowfield between Castle and Conundrum Peaks. There are two standard routes for ascent. The Northwest Ridge features a moderate snow climb followed by an easy ridge scramble. It should not be attempted late in the summer when the 200 ft of loose dirt and scree meet the climber near the top of the Castle-Conundrum saddle. The Northeast Ridge features an easy snow climb, but slightly harder scrambling and route-finding once on the ridge.</p><br>
<p>There are two other peaks in Colorado that have the same name: one in Eagle County at 39.7730422&deg; latitude, -106.8344844&deg; longitude,</p><br>
<p>with an elevation 11,280+ feet, (3438+ m)</p><br>
<p>and the other in Mesa County at 39.2710898&deg; latitude, -108.0945204&deg; longitude,</p><br>
<p>with an elevation of 8,140 feet (2,481 m).</p><br>
<p>Conundrum Peak is a northern subsummit of Castle Peak. It has two closely spaced summits; the northern is higher, with elevation of 14,040+ feet (4279+ m).</p><br>
<p>It is 0.4 mi north of Castle Peak, and has 200 ft of clean topographic prominence. This does not meet the usual 300 ft prominence criterion for an officially separate peak; however, it is often climbed in conjunction with Castle Peak.</p><br>
<p>Drapetsona  is a suburb and a former municipality in the southwestern part of the Athens-Piraeus agglomeration, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Keratsini-Drapetsona, of which it is a municipal unit.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Drapetsona is situated on the north side of the inlet to the Port of Piraeus. The northwestern part of the port is on the territory of Drapetsona. Drapetsona lies 1.5 km west of Piraeus city centre, and 10 km southwest of Athens city centre. The municipal unit has an area of 1.725 km. Its built-up area is continuous with those of Piraeus and the neighbouring suburb Keratsini.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1805 the first church, Saint Dionysios was built. In the 1830s Drapetsona was constituted of people who moved from Greek islands and settled near Saint Dionysios church in the area called Vourla. In 1834 a part of the region was given to Piraeus in order to become a cemetery under the term of churches’ reconstruction. Also a great number of brothels was established in 1873 to the west of Saint Dionysios. After the 1922 Asia Minor Catastrophe there was a notable population increase.</p><br>
<p>Drapetsona was part of the municipality of Piraeus until 1950, when it became a separate community. It was elevated to municipality status in 1951.</p><br>
<p>Since 19th century Drapetsona has become an important part of the Piraeus industrial area. The first major port facility was the Vasileiadis Shipyard, founded in 1898. Subsequently, other industries were established: a fertilizer factory, a plaster factory, a cement factory, a tannery and more recently installations of petroleum companies (Shell, Mobil, BP).</p><br>
<p>There are plans to redevelop a 64 hectare section of the Drapetsona seafront on the Saronic Gulf for tourism and water sports. The plans include a Maritime Business Centre and two marinas.</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<p>Chogha Zanbil  is an ancient Elamite complex in the Khuzestan province of Iran. It is one of the few existent ziggurats outside Mesopotamia. It lies approximately 30 km south-east of Susa and 80 km north of Ahvaz.</p><br>
<h2>History and Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The Elamite name of this structure is Ziggurat Dūr Untash, (/ˈzɪɡəræt/ ZIG-ər-at; from the Semitic Akkadian word ziqqurat, based on the D-stem of zaqāru "to build on a raised area") and Dur Untash is the combination of Elamite Dur (Place/resident/city) like Arabic "Dur/Dar" with the same meaning</p><br>
<p>and Untash the Elamite king who build it, However this structure is known by Its new Persian name today "Chogha Zanbil" that has given to it</p><br>
<p>Chogha in Bakhtiari means "hill". Choga Zanbil means basket mound. It was built about 1250 BC by the king Untash-Napirisha, mainly to honor the great god Inshushinak. Its original name was Dur Untash, which means town of Untash, but it is unlikely that many people, besides priests and servants, ever lived there. The complex is protected by three concentric walls which define the main areas of the town. The inner area is wholly taken up with a great ziggurat dedicated to the main god, which was built over an earlier square temple with storage rooms also built by Untash-Napirisha.</p><br>
<p>The middle area holds eleven temples for lesser gods. It is believed that twenty-two temples were originally planned, but the king died before they could be finished, and his successors discontinued the building work. In the outer area are royal palaces, a funerary palace containing five subterranean royal tombs.</p><br>
<p>Although construction in the city abruptly ended after Untash-Napirisha&#39;s death, the site was not abandoned, but continued to be occupied until it was destroyed by the Assyrian king Ashurbanipal in 640 BC. Some scholars speculate, based on the large number of temples and sanctuaries at Chogha Zanbil, that Untash-Napirisha attempted to create a new religious center (possibly intended to replace Susa) which would unite the gods of both highland and lowland Elam at one site.</p><br>
<p>The main building materials in Chogha Zanbil were mud bricks and occasionally baked bricks. The monuments were decorated with glazed baked bricks, gypsum and ornaments of faïence and glass. Ornamenting the most important buildings were thousands of baked bricks bearing inscriptions with Elamite cuneiform characters were all inscribed by hand. Glazed terracotta statues such as bulls and winged griffins guarded the entrances to the ziggurat. Near the temples of Kiririsha and Hishmitik-Ruhuratir, kilns were found that were probably used for the production of baked bricks and decorative materials. It is believed that the ziggurat was built in two stages. It took its multi-layered form in the second phase.</p><br>
<p>The ziggurat is considered to be the best preserved example of the stepped pyramidal monument by UNESCO. In 1979, Chogha Zanbil became the first Iranian site to be inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>Choga Zanbil was excavated in six seasons between 1951 and 1961 by Roman Ghirshman.</p><br>
<h2>Threats</h2><br>
<p>Petroleum exploration due to increased global demand threatens the foundations of the site, as various seismic tests have been undertaken to explore for reserves of petroleum. Digging for oil has been undertaken as close as 300 m away from the ziggurat.</p><br>
<p>High Atlas, also called the Grand Atlas Mountains  is a mountain range in central Morocco in Northern Africa.</p><br>
<p>The High Atlas rises in the west at the Atlantic Ocean and stretches in an eastern direction to the Moroccan-Algerian border. At the Atlantic and to the southwest the range drops abruptly and makes an impressive transition to the coast and the Anti-Atlas range. To the north, in the direction of Marrakech, the range descends less abruptly.</p><br>
<p>The range includes Jbel Toubkal, which at 4,167 m is the highest in the range and lies in Toubkal National Park.</p><br>
<p>The range serves as a weather system barrier in Morocco running east-west and separating the Sahara from the Mediterranean and continental zones to the north and west. In the higher elevations of the massif, snow falls regularly, allowing winter sports. Snow lasts well into late spring in the High Atlas, mostly on the northern faces of the range. On the Western High Atlas, there is Oukaïmeden, one of three main ski stations in Morocco.</p><br>
<p>The High Atlas forms the basins for a multiplicity of river systems. The majority of the year-round rivers flow to the north, providing the basis for the settlements there. A number of wadis and seasonal rivers terminate in the deserts to the south and plateaux to the east of the mountains.</p><br>
<p>The High-Atlas Mountains are inhabited by Berbers, who live from agriculture and pastoralism in the valleys. In the steppe zone of the High-Atlas, where precipitations are low, the locals created a smart technique in managing the low precipitations and the weak soil. They turn the rather semi-arid lands into fertile valleys called locally by Agdal (garden in Berber). This technique has intrigued many Western agriculturalists, in which they were impressed by the high efficiency of this agricultural system. Many scientists, particularly French scientists, make yearly expeditions to observe the community and their living system.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>There are two types of Alpine Climates in the High Atlas:</p><br>
<p>Oceanic climate, dominates the north and south of the Western High Atlas until (Jbel Toubkal), as well as the northern part of Central High Atlas from Jbel Toubkal until Imilchil, owing to their exposition to the perturbations coming from the North Atlantic Ocean. These regions are relatively humid with irregular precipitations but occasionally torrential. Generally, it falls annually between 600 mm to 1000 mm. The drought in the summer months, interrupted by thunderstorms, is usually intense. Snow falls between November and April, but can persist from September to June in the peaks. Important rivers flow through the valleys (Asif Melloul, Oued n&#39;Fis, Oued Tessaout, etc.) supply the fertile basins like Aït Bou Guemez and Imilchil. These conditions allow the existence of pine, oak and cedar forests. However, these forests are declining because of the reducing of annual precipitation, over-exploitation of the trees (used for construction and heating), and sheep-goat overgrazing.</p><br>
<p>The other type of climate is continental semi-arid or steppe climate, and is present in the southern part of the Central High Atlas, from Toubkal to Imilchil, and the whole Oriental High-Atlas down of Imilchil. These regions are marked by variations in temperatures. It extends southward from the steppe lands into rocky desert. In addition, some localized valleys supplied by irrigation make agriculture possible. Forests are almost rare. This portion of High-Atlas is very similar to the Rocky Mountains in the western United States.</p><br>
<h2>The range</h2><br>
<h3>Western High Atlas</h3><br>
<p>In the west lies the oldest portion of the range. Its high point is the Jbel Toubkal at 4167 m, which is visible from the city of Marrakech. Jbel Toubkal lies in the Toubkal national park, which was created in 1942. The massif consists of Jurassic and Cretaceous formations notched by deep erosion-carved valleys. This part of the range includes the Ourika Valley, which is the only location in the High Atlas where the endangered primate, the Barbary macaque, Macaca sylvanus, is found; however, this primate is also found in parts of the Middle Atlas and the Rif, as well as parts of Algeria. The Ourika Valley is also a location where a diverse flora was recorded as early as the 19th century.</p><br>
<h3>Central High Atlas</h3><br>
<p>A solid chalk mass morphologically dominated by tabular zones reaching an altitude of 2,500 m extends from Azilal to Ouarzazate. Here, the contrasting landscapes are similar to Colorado in the United States, with high plateaux, gorges and box canyons, and peaks sometimes splintered by erosion. Several peaks in this area exceed 4000 m, with Jbel Mgoun at 4068 m being the highest peak in this part of the High Atlas. The area is populated by Berbers.</p><br>
<h3>Eastern High Atlas</h3><br>
<p>The eastern part of the High Atlas forms vast plateaux at high altitude which provide the headwaters for the Moulouya River. It extends from the town of Khenifra and includes oases at Jbel Ayachi (at 3747 m), Jbel Saghro and Jbel Sirwa (3305 m). This portion of the range includes the solid mass of the Tamlelt whose northern edge is occupied by its higher peaks, such Jbel Ayachi at 3,747 m. The altitude falls towards the east where the mountains join the pre-Saharan zone.</p><br>
<p>This massif became an internationally famous paleontological site after the discovery of the bones of the completely unknown ancestor of the dinosaurs, Atlasaurus, which populated Morocco 180 million years ago. This dinosaur is also named Tazoudasaurus, after the name of the village of Tazouda where it was discovered. The creature, about nine metres long, is postulated to be an ancestor of the Sauropoda found in America. Until 140 million years ago the African and American continents were connected.</p><br>
<h2>Areas of interest</h2><br>
<p>Travel over the high mountain passes is worthwhile. At the foot of the High Atlas one finds Aït Benhaddou, a ksar or fortified village still in use. The ksar has been so widely used in films that it is sometimes referred to as "Moroccan Hollywood".</p><br>
<p>At approximately mid-range, the Amesfrane Rock Wall rises some 1,650 ft from a dry riverbed wadi. The formation is composed of rounded columns patterned with horizontal ridges that occurred as a result of erosion, which caused travellers to nickname it "the Cathedral", for its resemblance to a gothic cathedral.</p><br>
<p>Among the summits at 1600 m height lies the Kasbah of Telouet on the road to Marrakech.</p><br>
<p>The canyons and ravines of the Dadès and the Todra are also points of interest.</p><br>
<p>High Knob is the peak of Stone Mountain, that forms part of the border between Scott County and Wise County, Virginia near the city of Norton that rises to 4,223 feet  above mean sea level.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>High Knob is found on the western front range of the Appalachian Mountains, along the mountainous southeastern edge of the Cumberland Plateau of Southwest Virginia. It is unique to Virginia in containing both Appalachian Plateau and Ridge and Valley topography; although, it is largely a karstic landform of the Ridge and Valley Province.</p><br>
<p>High Knob stretches across portions of southern Wise County, northern Scott County, and the northeastern tip of Lee County. It is one of the most significant physical features in Virginia and is among the widest singular mountains in the southern Appalachians, being locally greater than 13 miles ( 21 km ) wide from base to base and more than 26 miles (42 km) long. It represents the "pivot point" of the Cumberland Mountain Overthrust Block. (first described in notable detail during the 1920s and 1930s by geologists Charles Butts and John Rich).</p><br>
<p>Although some 1,000 to 1,500 feet (300 to 450 m) lower in elevation than the Mount Rogers highcountry to the east (Mount Rogers is the highest peak in Virginia), the terrain surrounding the High Knob of Stone Mountain forms a true highcountry with respect to the western slopes of the Appalachians in Virginia (i.e., the Cumberland Mountains).</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The High Knob area of Stone Mountain forms one of the greatest natural areas in the eastern United States. Today its calcareous heart has been breached by massive erosion to expose an ecologically renowned karst landscape which stretches from the Powell Valley area of Wise County, southwest across the Powell River Valley of Lee County to the Norris Lake of Tennessee. Drainage from High Knob has also formed hydrologically complex conduit systems which have directly led to formation of the magnificent Natural Tunnel and Rye Cove Karst Basin of Scott County, where endemic species such as the Rye Cove Isopod are found.</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>The area around High Knob is dominant structural feature of the Powell Valley Anticline of the Cumberland Mountain Overthrust Block. With its adjoining faults (Hunter Valley-Clinchport system), this region possesses the greatest concentration of significant caves in Virginia.</p><br>
<p>The summit of High Knob in particular exerts a significant impact upon the climate of Southwest Virginia and surrounding areas, being one of the rainiest and snowiest locations in both Virginia and the southern Appalachians.</p><br>
<p>This orographically forced climate has, through the vastness of time, worked in intimate union with the geology and topography to create a richly diverse landscape possessing vast biological diversity.</p><br>
<p>High Knob unofficially holds the record for the most snow ever measured in Virginia during a single season, with 200.5 inches (509 cm) during the 1995–96 winter.</p><br>
<p>During a typical year, 60.0 inches to 70.0 inches (152.4 cm to 178.0 cm) of total precipitation falls across the area, to make it one of the wettest areas north of the Great Smokies, and the wettest in Virginia for which there are available records. Significant additional moisture contributions occur from fog drip off trees and rime deposition on trees, with many days during the year being spent amid orographic feeder butts that cap its upper elevations.</p><br>
<p>On a clear day, four other states can be seen from the summit: West Virginia, Tennessee, Kentucky, and North Carolina.</p><br>
<h2>High Knob Lookout Tower</h2><br>
<p>At its peak stood one of the few remaining fire towers of the Appalachian Mountains. Built in 1938–39 by the Civilian Conservation Corps, the original structure was a 14 × 14 wooden house. The replacement lookout, a three-story structure, was built by the Flatwoods Job Corps in 1978–79. High Knob&#39;s fire tower is listed in the National Historic Lookout Registry.</p><br>
<p>On October 31, 2007, the High Knob Lookout Tower was destroyed by arson. The tower was set on fire in the early hours of Halloween morning. By the time the Jefferson Forest Service and local fire departments arrived on scene, the fire tower was fully engulfed in flames, and could not be saved. Firefighters were able to keep the fire from spreading to the rest of the Knob, which was suffering from drought conditions.</p><br>
<p>In 2009 work began in earnest to replace the ruined tower. A tower replacement project was spearheaded by The High Knob Enhancement Corporation who raised required funding from donations. Under the direction of the National Park service Hill studio architects and Landscape Architects submitted designs and construction documents for the new tower now roughly standing where the lost tower once stood. The tower was built by DOT Construction. The formal date of completion is August 22, 2014. The new tower achieves accessibility for physically impaired visitors by conceiving a properly graded and surfaced loop trail that culminates in a bridge crossing which connects the tower with the trail.</p><br>
<h2>Mountain information</h2><br>
<p>For more information about High Knob, current events, and important news, please reference The Clinch Coalition, link below.</p><br>
<p>Ernst Thälmann Island  is a 15 kilometre long and 500 metre wide Cuban island in the Gulf of Cazones named for German Communist politician and activist Ernst Thälmann. Many have claimed that the island is the last official territory of East Germany as it was not mentioned in the Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany, which united East and West Germany in 1990. The island was transferred over to East German control in 1972, however when a German newspaper tried to access the island after reunification, they were told this transfer was only "symbolic".</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>1970s</h3><br>
<p>Until 1972, the island was known as Cayo Blanco del Sur. On the occasion of a state visit in June 1972 by Erich Honecker, Fidel Castro renamed the island in honour of German Communist politician and activist Ernst Thälmann, the leader of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) during much of the Weimar Republic, who was imprisoned without trial after the rise of the Nazi Party, and after eleven years of solitary confinement was shot by order of Adolf Hitler at Buchenwald concentration camp. According to a newspaper article in Neues Deutschland dated 20 June 1972, the Cuban leader announced the renaming of the island, and one of its beaches to Playa "República Democrática Alemana" ("German Democratic Republic" Beach, "DDR-Strand"). East Germany&#39;s state television newscast, Aktuelle Kamera, reported on the ceremony and the unveiling of a bust of Ernst Thälmann on 18 August 1972 in the presence of the GDR ambassador, some East German delegates, and approximately 100 Cuban representatives.</p><br>
<p>In March 1975, the East German government sent singer Frank Schöbel to Cuba to make some music videos, and some footage of the island was shot, which was later included in a documentary emphasising the island as a symbol of GDR-Cuba friendship.</p><br>
<h3>Recent history</h3><br>
<p>In 1998, the island was hit severely by Hurricane Mitch, knocking over the bust of Ernst Thälmann.</p><br>
<p>According to both the Cuban embassy in Germany and the German Foreign Office, the renaming was a "symbolic act" — the island was never transferred from Cuba and technically, neither Germany owned the island when all of East Germany&#39;s territory was ceded to West Germany on October 3, 1990.</p><br>
<p>More recently, the island has been used for justification of a war against East Germany by the Republic of Molossia, an unrecognized micronation in US territory. According to Molossian President Kevin Baugh, East Germany was responsible for the number of military drills he performed while stationed in West Germany in the US Army and the resulting lack of sleep; hence the declaration of war. However, since the island was never an actual East German possession the ongoing "war" is void.</p><br>
<p>Villa Jovis  is a Roman palace on Capri, southern Italy, built by emperor Tiberius and completed in AD 27. Tiberius mainly ruled from there until his death in AD 37.</p><br>
<p>Villa Jovis is the largest of the twelve Tiberian villas on Capri mentioned by Tacitus. The entire complex, spanning several terraces and a difference in elevation of about 40 m, covers some 7,000 m² (1.7 acres). While the remaining eight levels of walls and staircases only hint at the grandeur the building must have had in its time, recent reconstructions have shown the villa to be a remarkable testament to 1st-century Roman architecture.</p><br>
<h2>Location and description of the palace</h2><br>
<p>Villa Jovis is situated in the very northeast of the island atop Monte Tiberio; its 334 m elevation makes it the second-highest peak of Capri, after Monte Solaro (589 m elevation) in Anacapri.</p><br>
<p>The north wing of the building contained the living quarters, while the south wing saw administrative use. The east wing was meant for receptions, whereas the west wing featured an open-walled hall (ambulatio) which offered a scenic view towards Anacapri.</p><br>
<p>As water was difficult to come by where the villa was built, Roman engineers constructed an intricate system for the collection of rainwater from the roofs and a large cistern that supplied the palace with fresh water.</p><br>
<p>South of the main building there are remains of a watch tower (specula) for the quick telegraphic exchange of messages with the mainland, e.g. by fire or smoke.</p><br>
<p>Access to the complex is only possible on foot, and involves an uphill walk of about two kilometres from Capri town.</p><br>
<h2>Tiberius and his life on Capri</h2><br>
<p>Apparently the main motivations for Tiberiuss move from Rome to Capri were his wariness of the political manoeuvring in Rome and a lingering fear of assassination. The villa is situated at a very secluded spot on the island and Tiberiuss quarters in the north and east of the palatial villa were particularly difficult to reach and heavily guarded.</p><br>
<p>The Villa Jovis is also, at least according to Suetonius, the place where Tiberius engaged in wild debauchery. Modern historians regard these tales as sensationalized, but Suetonius&#39; stories at least paint a picture of how Tiberius was perceived by the Roman people at the time.</p><br>
<h2>Footnotes</h2><br>
<p>Suilven  is one of the most distinctive mountains in Scotland. Lying in a remote area in the west of Sutherland, it rises almost vertically from a wilderness landscape of moorland, bogs and lochans known as Inverpolly National Nature Reserve.</p><br>
<p>Suilven forms a steep-sided ridge some 2 km in length. The highest point, known as Caisteal Liath (the Grey Castle in Scottish Gaelic), lies at the northwest end of this ridge. There are two other summits: Meall Meadhonach (Middle Round Hill) at the central point of the ridge is 723 m high, whilst Meall Beag (Little Round Hill) lies at the southeastern end.</p><br>
<p>Geologically, Suilven is formed of Torridonian sandstone, sitting on a landscape of Lewisian Gneiss. The surrounding rocks were eroded during an episode of glaciation. Suilven was overtopped by the last British and Irish Ice Sheet. Prior research described Suilven and many other mountains in NW Scotland as nunataks, but Cosmogenic isotope dating of mountaintop erratics by preeminent Quaternary scientists including Ballantyne and McCarroll has since disproved this hypothesis. The flow of ice created the distinctive narrow teardrop plan, while carving and scouring the vertical sides of the mountain.</p><br>
<p>From the coast to the west Suilven looks like a large grey pillar, hence the name which it was given by sea-borne Vikings. From the inland side the mountain has more of the appearance of a steeply-sided pyramid.</p><br>
<p>In 2005 Glencanisp estate, of which Suilven forms part and the neighbouring Drumrunie estate, were bought by the local community with the help of the John Muir Trust. The Assynt Foundation aims to create local employment and safeguard the natural and cultural heritage for the benefit of the community and future generations, and for the enjoyment of the wider public.</p><br>
<h2>Ascent</h2><br>
<p>The most common route of ascent starts from the end of the public road that leads to Glencanisp Lodge, about 1.5 km from Lochinver to the west of the summit. From here a path leads across undulating moorland toward the mountain, which will be seen clearly ahead. About 6 km after leaving the road, and shortly after crossing Abhainn na Clach Àirigh (a river), a cairn marks the spot where one should leave the path. A boggy path leads towards Suilven, reaching Bealach Mòr (the Great Bealach) after a little over 2 km. The final pull up to the bealach is steep, and the path is much eroded, but from here the summit is easily attained. The summit itself is broad and grassy, though it is almost totally surrounded by vertical cliffs.</p><br>
<p>Another route starts from Inverkirkaig, some 4 km south of Lochinver: this route reaches the bealach from the south, passing Kirkaig Falls on the way. One may also start from Elphin, on the eastern side. It is possible to reach the ridge without first climbing to Bealach Mòr from this direction, though very exposed scrambling is required, particularly between Meall Meadhonach and Meall Beag.</p><br>
<p>By Scottish standards all routes to Suilven are long days; all are around 25 km in length over rough terrain.</p><br>
<p>Morne Diablotins is the highest mountain in Dominica, an island-nation in the Caribbean Lesser Antilles. It is the second highest mountain in the Lesser Antilles, after La Grande Soufrière in Guadeloupe. Morne Diablotins is located in the northern interior of the island, about 15 miles north of Dominicas capital Roseau and about 6 miles southeast of Portsmouth, the islands second-largest town. It is located within Morne Diablotin National Park.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is volcanic, and last erupted c. 30,000 years ago. There are no known historical eruptions. The source of the Toulaman River lies in the mountain area.</p><br>
<p>Morne Diablotins shares its name with the local term for the rare black-capped petrel (Pterodroma hasitata).</p><br>
<p>The Newport Casino is an athletic complex and recreation center located at 186–202 Bellevue Avenue, Newport, Rhode Island, United States. Built in 1880, it was designated a National Historic Landmark on February 27, 1987, in recognition for its architectural significance as one of the nation&#39;s finest Shingle style buildings, and for its importance in the history of tennis in the United States. The complex now houses the International Tennis Hall of Fame, and was the site of the earliest US Opens.</p><br>
<h2>1879 – 1900</h2><br>
<p>The complex was commissioned in 1880 by James Gordon Bennett, Jr. Legend states that Bennett placed a bet with his guest British Cavalry Officer, Captain Henry Augustus "Sugar" Candy that Candy would not ride his horse up onto the front porch of Newports most exclusive mens club – The Newport Reading Room. Candy won the bet, but the Governors of the Reading Room were not amused. Bennett and his infamous short temper did not take this kindly, and soon set about creating his own retreat, what would eventually become The Newport Casino.</p><br>
<p>Soon after deciding to create his own social club, Bennett purchased the Sidney Brooks estate,. Directly across the street was a vacant lot, suitable for construction of the Casino. Bennett hired Charles McKim (soon to be of the firm McKim, Mead, and White) to design the Casino. By January 1880, Nathan Barker of Newport was contracted to begin construction.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the Casino, while generally outlined by McKim, was entrusted to Stanford White. Taking many elements and cues from the Japanese Pavilion at the 1876 Centennial International Exhibition in Philadelphia, White provided for a plan that was both secluded and open.</p><br>
<p>The Newport Casino opened to its first patrons in July 1880, and the general public got their first view in August 1880.</p><br>
<h2>1900 – 1954</h2><br>
<p>The first half of the 20th century was unkind to the Newport Casino. The Gilded age drew to a close with the onset of the Depression, and the Newport fell by the wayside as a summer resort for the wealthy and powerful. The Casino struggled financially as a social club right from the start, and by the 1950s the Casino was in sad shape. Like many of the mansions, there was the very real possibility that it would be demolished to make way for more modern retail space.</p><br>
<p>The United States Lawn Tennis Association held their first championships at the Casino in 1881, an event that would continue through 1914. By this time, tennis was firmly entrenched as the key attraction at the Casino.</p><br>
<p>Candy and Jimmy Van Alen took over operating the club, and by 1954 had established the International Tennis Hall of Fame in the Newport Casino. The combination of prominent headliners at the tennis matches and the museum allowed the building to be saved.</p><br>
<p>It stands today as one of the finest examples of Victorian Shingle Style architecture in the world. The buildings are generally well preserved, and the Casino Theatre which was in a state of disrepair was recently restored and is currently leased to Salve Regina University. The theater occasionally still shows films, mostly during the Newport International Film Festival or charity events.</p><br>
<p>The landscaping in the center, new bushes were recently put in the entrance way with the old overgrown bushes removed.</p><br>
<h2>Buildings</h2><br>
<p>The complex includes:</p><br>
<p>The Casino (shops, a restaurant, offices, and the International Tennis Hall of Fame)</p><br>
<p>Horseshoe Piazza and Court</p><br>
<p>Bill Talbert Stadium</p><br>
<p>Court Tennis Building</p><br>
<p>Theatre – restored and managed by Salve Regina University Department of Performing Arts</p><br>
<p>Indoor tennis courts</p><br>
<p>Various grass tennis courts</p><br>
<h2>Sports</h2><br>
<p>The Newport Casino was never a public gambling establishment. Originally, "casino" meant a small villa built for pleasure. During the 19th century, the term casino came to include other buildings where social activities took place.</p><br>
<p>In its heyday during the Gilded Age, the Newport Casino offered a wide array of social diversions to the summer colony including archery, billiards, bowling, concerts, dancing, dining, horse shows, lawn bowling, reading, lawn tennis, tea parties, and theatricals. It was best known as the home of American lawn tennis; the Casino hosted the 1881–1914 National Championships, later called the USA Open. Between 1915 and 1967 it hosted the Newport Casino Invitational men&#39;s tennis tournament.</p><br>
<p>Today, there is still an active grass-court tennis club, as well as an indoor tennis club. The Newport Casino Croquet Club offers championship croquet play on Newport&#39;s grass courts.</p><br>
<p>The Court Tennis Building is part of the original complex, built in 1880. It burned down in 1945, but was rebuilt in 1980. It is home to the National Tennis Club.</p><br>
<p>Suur Munamägi  is the highest peak in Estonia , reaching 318 m above sea level. It is located near the village of Haanja, in Võru County in the south-eastern corner of Estonia, close to the borders of both Latvia and Russia. The landscape around the peak - the Haanja Upland - is gently hilly.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>On the hill, there have been 5 towers. The first tower, built in 1812, is the subject of a folk legend: it was supposedly destroyed because it confused ships headed toward the coast. The second tower was built in 1870 by a local barman. The tower was 8 m high. The tower was popular amongst local people because of its bar. Only 4–5 people fit in the tower and the trees started to ruin the view.</p><br>
<p>The third tower was built on the same building as the second tower. The tower was built up to 12 m.</p><br>
<p>The fourth tower was built in 1925, when Estonia was an independent state. The tower was built in 3 months and it was 17 m high. The Võru county then built paths for people, cleaned the forest and put benches in front of the tower. The fourth tower was ceremonially opened on 19 July 1925. Soon after that people realized that the wooden tower was old and again the trees started blocking the view — 17 metres was not high enough.</p><br>
<p>The new fifth tower was built of ferroconcrete in 1939. The tower was made 25.7 m high. It was built of 36 000 bricks and 80 tons of cement which all were carried up to the mountain. The tower was finished in the same year in June but the ceremonial opening was cancelled because of World War II. The tower was not seriously harmed in war and the repair was made in 1955. The Memorial Museum of Fr.R. Kreutzwald that was at that time the owner of the tower, started to modernize the tower and fix its surroundings.</p><br>
<p>In 1969 the museum built an additional floor on the top of the tower and changed the construction of the stairway on the top floors. The add-on was engineered by Toomas Rein and Veljo Kaasik. The tower was now 29.1 m high. The view from the height of 346.7 m is 50 km in radius.</p><br>
<p>A renovation project of the tower was started in 1998 by Haanja parish. In 1999–2000 Toomas Rein carried it out. In 2002 the piping of the tower was engineered and completed next year. From August 2004 to July 2005 major renovation works were made on Suur Munamägi: the observation tower was renovated, the tower’s elevator and glass café were built, the paths to the tower re-made, the lightning of the pedestrian path and the tower was made. The total cost of the works was ca 10 million kroons. The construction was financed by the EU Phare program, Enterprise Estonia, the Estonian government, Environmental Investment Centre, private supporters and the budget of the parish.</p><br>
<p>On 24 July 2005 the renovated observation tower of Suur Munamägi was festively opened.</p><br>
<p>The Gulf of Patras  is a branch of the Ionian Sea. On the east, it is closed by the Strait of Rion between capes Rio and Antirrio, near the Rio-Antirrio bridge, that is the entrance of the Gulf of Corinth. On the west, it is bounded by a line from Oxeia island to Cape Araxos. To the north it is bounded by the shore of Aetolia-Acarnania in continental Greece, and to the south by Achaea in the Peloponnese peninsula. It is 40–50 km long, 10–20 km wide, and has an area of 350–400 km.</p><br>
<p>The port city of Patras lies to the southeast and is the only major port on the gulf. It serves ferries to Ancona and Brindisi in Italy along with Kefallonia. On the northern shore Missolonghi also has a port. There are beaches in the south, the east and parts of the north. The old ports of Rio and Antirio lie east of the Gulf, and there is a ferry service which complements the traffic over the Rio-Antirio bridge. The gulf is rich in fish.</p><br>
<p>A number of major naval battles took place in the Gulf of Patras: the Battle of Patras in 1772, and the Battle of Lepanto in 1571, one of the largest naval battles ever fought. Lepanto itself lies further east, in the Gulf of Corinth.</p><br>
<h2>Cities and towns</h2><br>
<p>Rio east, east, beach</p><br>
<p>Patras east, port and beaches</p><br>
<p>Paralia, southeast</p><br>
<p>Roitika, southeast</p><br>
<p>Monodendri, southeast</p><br>
<p>Tsoukalaiika, south southeast</p><br>
<p>Alissos, south, beach</p><br>
<p>Alykes, north of Kato Achaia, south</p><br>
<p>Ioniki Akti, south</p><br>
<p>Mavry Myti, southwest</p><br>
<p>Cape Araxos, southwest</p><br>
<p>Messolonghi Lagoon, northwest</p><br>
<p>Missolonghi, north</p><br>
<p>Antirrio, northeast, port</p><br>
<h2>Tributaries</h2><br>
<p>The following rivers flow into the Gulf of Patras:</p><br>
<p>north side:</p><br>
<p>Achelous</p><br>
<p>Evinos</p><br>
<p>south side:</p><br>
<p>Charadros</p><br>
<p>Glafkos, south of Patras</p><br>
<p>Peiros</p><br>
<p>The Guardian Building is a landmark skyscraper in the United States, located at 500 Griswold Street in Downtown Detroit, Michigan, within the Financial District. The Guardian is a class-A office building owned by Wayne County, Michigan and serves as its headquarters. Built in 1928 and finished in 1929, the building was originally called the Union Trust Building and is a bold example of Art Deco architecture, including art moderne designs. At the top of the Guardian Building&#39;s spire is a large American Flag, complementing the four smaller flags atop nearby 150 West Jefferson. The building has undergone recent award-winning renovations. It was designated a National Historic Landmark on June 29, 1989, and the associated Detroit Financial District is on the National Register of Historic Places. The Guardian building includes retail and a tourist gift shop.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The main frame of the skyscraper rises 36 stories, capped by two asymmetric spires, one extending for four additional stories. The roof height of the building is 496 ft (151 m), the top floor is 489 feet (149 m), and the spire reaches 632 ft (192.6 m). Its nickname, Cathedral of Finance, alludes both to the buildings resemblance to a cathedral, with its tower over the main entrance and octagonal apse at the opposite end and to New York Citys Woolworth Building, which had earlier been dubbed the Cathedral of Commerce. Native American themes are common inside and outside the building. Wirt C. Rowland, of the Smith, Hinchman & Grylls firm, was the buildings architect. The building rises from a granite and stone six story base with two Corrado Parducci created sculptures flanking the Griswold Street entrance. The exterior blends brickwork with tile, limestone, and terra cotta. Rowlands attention to detail was meticulous. He supervised the creation of the colored brick cladding to achieve the desired color for the exterior. Afterward, the brick was marketed by the manufacturer as "Union Trust Brick" and after 1939, as Guardian brick". Rowland designed furniture for the bank&#39;s offices and his attention went as far as designing tableware, linens and waitress uniforms for a restaurant in the building.</p><br>
<p>The buildings three story, vaulted lobby is lavishly decorated with Pewabic and Rookwood tile. The semi-circular exterior domes are filled with Pewabic Pottery; Mary Chase Perry Stratton worked closely with the architect in the design of the symbolic decorations. (See Savage, infra.) A Monel metal screen divides the lobby from the banking hall on the second floor, the screen features a clock in the center designed by Tiffany. The building includes works by muralist Ezra Winter in the mosaic above the main lobby desk and the mural at the end of the banking hall. The large mosaic is of a pine tree and text that states the Union Trust Companys purpose for the building, "Founded on principles of faith and understating, this building is erected for the purpose of continuing and maintaining the ideals of financial services which promoted the organization of the institution". The mural highlight’s Michigan’s industries such as manufacturing, farming and mining. In order to dampen the sound in the banking hall, its cement-plaster ceiling features a hand-painted canvas ceiling, which was stretched over a mat of horsehair.</p><br>
<h2>Innovations</h2><br>
<p>The Guardian Building featured innovations in both design and technology. The buildings designer, Wirt Rowland, specified Monel metal in place of the commonly used brass and bronze for all exposed metalwork on the building, an innovation which was widely adopted, most notably on New Yorks Chrysler Building. Rowland dispensed with traditional forms of decoration, using instead colored materials (brick, stone, and terra cotta) set in geometric patterns on both the interior and exterior of the structure. The building&#39;s elevator system represented the first use of technology which automatically stopped the car level with the floor and opened the doors, tasks formerly handled by the operator.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The skyscraper was built by the Union Trust Company, founded in Detroit in 1890 by Senator James McMillan, and Dexter M. Ferry, along with investments from Russell A. Alger, Col. Frank J. Hecker, and Christian H. Buhl. During World War II, the Guardian Building served as the U.S Army Command Center for war time production. The Guardian served various tenants as an office building in downtown Detroit. In 1982 it became the headquarters of Michigan Consolidated Gas Company ("MichCon") subsequent to the divestiture of MichCon by ANR Company in 1981. Under the leadership of President and COO Stephen E. Ewing, MichCon restored the lobby and vaulted ceilings on the first floor in 1986. It would stay MichCon&#39;s later to be called MCN Energy Group headquarters until the merger of MCN with DTE Energy in 2001. It was sold by DTE to a local real estate developer, the Sterling Group, in 2002.</p><br>
<p>The Sterling Group invested $14 million in the building and reopened the lobby to the public, which had only been accessible to employees after MichCon purchased the building.</p><br>
<p>On July 18, 2007, Wayne County Executive Robert Ficano announced it has entered into an agreement to purchase the Guardian Building to relocate its offices from the Wayne County Building. The deal was reportedly part of a larger deal worth $33.5 million in real estate purchases in downtown Detroit. The Guardian Building has become a souvenir item along with other Detroit skyscrapers.</p><br>
<h2>Tenants</h2><br>
<p>SmithGroupJJR</p><br>
<p>Wayne County</p><br>
<p>Higgins Lake is a large recreational and fishing lake in Roscommon County, in the USA state of Michigan. The 9,900 acre  lake is known for its deep, clear waters and is the 10th largest in Michigan with a shoreline of 21 mi. It is named after Sylvester Higgins, the first chief of the topographical department of the Michigan Geological Survey. It has a maximum width of 4 mi and a length of 7 mi with a maximum depth of 135 ft. The mean depth is 44 ft and the lake contains almost 20 billion cubic feet  of water. Its retention time is about 12.5 years. The lake&#39;s watershed covers 19,000 acres . The twin-lobed lake receives half of its water from submerged springs, six percent from incoming streams, and the remainder from direct rainfall and runoff. It drains into Marl Lake by the Cut River which runs into Houghton Lake and eventually to Lake Michigan. A mile north of the lake, water flows into the Lake Huron watershed.</p><br>
<p>Sportfish in the lake include yellow perch, trout, smelt and pike. Fish are taken both in open water and by ice fishing. Higgins Lake is considered a morphometrically oligotrophic lake, meaning that its large size causes it to appear and function as a nutrient-poor lake although it receives a fair amount of nutrients.</p><br>
<p>Higgins Lake is also the name of the post office for the area, with ZIP code 48627. This ZIP code includes several other small communities and locales along the shores of the lake, including (moving counter-clockwise around the lake) Hillcrest, Lyon Manor, Detroit Park, Cook Corner, Sharps Corner, Almeda Beach, Oak Grove, Ritz Corner, Pine Bluffs, Daytona-on-the-Lake and Cottage Grove. Since all have Higgins Lake as a postal address, they are often all considered as part of the Higgins Lake community. The lake is situated on the boundary between Lyon Township on the west and Gerrish Township on the east.</p><br>
<p>There are two state parks, located on opposite ends of the lake: South Higgins Lake State Park, which has a mile of shoreline, and North Higgins Lake State Park. Both provide public boat launches and camping, and are very popular in the summer months. The south park is older, larger, and more developed. The north park is located on what was once the world&#39;s largest seedling nursery, a part of the CCC of the 1930s.</p><br>
<p>Centuries before European settlers came to North America, the Chippewa people called the lake Majinabeesh, which means "sparkling water".</p><br>
<h2>Environmental concerns</h2><br>
<p>In recent years, the lake has become increasingly popular as a residential and recreational area, which has raised concern for the lake water quality. Citizens and local government believe the lake suffers harm from increased loads of nutrients, including phosphorus and nitrogen, from septic systems, fertilizers, and runoff from roads.</p><br>
<p>The most obvious change has been the introduction of zebra mussels. Zebra mussels, which have no known predators in USA waters, threaten the existence of native clams and result in more vegetation growing on the bottom of the lake.</p><br>
<p>Residents at Higgins Lake have begun actively lobbying for laws to enforce cleaning of boats before they can be put into the lake as well as programs to try to combat other foreign pests and intruders to preserve the lake&#39;s natural ecology.</p><br>
<p>The Beaver River is a river in the U.S. state of Rhode Island. It flows approximately 11.0 mi. There are three dams along the river&#39;s length. The river is also famous locally for its trout fishing in the spring.</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>The river rises from James Pond in Exeter. From there, it flows roughly due south through Exeter and Richmond to its mouth at the Pawcatuck River, across the Pawcatuck from Charlestown.</p><br>
<h2>Crossings</h2><br>
<p>Below is a list of all crossings over the Beaver River. The list starts at the headwaters and goes downstream.</p><br>
<p>Richmond</p><br>
<p>New London Turnpike</p><br>
<p>Old Mountain Road</p><br>
<p>Hillsdale Road</p><br>
<p>Kingstown Road (RI 138)</p><br>
<p>Beaver River School House Road</p><br>
<p>Shannock Hill Road</p><br>
<h2>Tributaries</h2><br>
<p>The Beaver River has no named tributaries, though it has many unnamed streams that also feed it.</p><br>
<p>Legionville  was the first formal basic training facility for the military of the United States. The camp, which was established in 1792 under the command of Major General Anthony Wayne, was near present-day Baden, Pennsylvania, a suburb of Pittsburgh. It was used to train the soldiers which would become the Legion of the United States.</p><br>
<p>Throughout the winter of 1792-93, existing troops along with new recruits were drilled in military skills, tactics and discipline. The following spring the newly named Legion of the United States left Legionville for the Northwest Indian War, a struggle between American Indian tribes affiliated with the Western Confederacy in the area north of the Ohio River.</p><br>
<p>The overwhelmingly successful campaign was concluded with the decisive victory at the Battle of Fallen Timbers on August 20, 1794. The training the troops received at Legionville was seen as instrumental to this victory.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>The United States military realized it needed a well-trained standing army following St. Clair&#39;s Defeat on November 4, 1791, when a force led by General Arthur St. Clair was almost entirely wiped out by the Western Confederacy near Fort Recovery, Ohio. The plans, which were supported by USA President George Washington and Henry Knox, Secretary of War, would lead to the creation of the Legion of the United States. The command would be based on the 18th-century military works of Henry Bouquet, a professional Swiss soldier who served as a colonel in the British army, and French Marshal Maurice de Saxe.</p><br>
<p>In 1792 Anthony Wayne, a renowned hero of the American Revolutionary War, was encouraged to leave retirement and return to active service as Commander-in-Chief of the Legion with the rank of Major General. The Legion, which was recruited and raised in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, was formed around elements of the 1st and 2nd Regiments from the disbanded Continental Army. These units then became the First and Second Sub-Legions. The Third and Fourth Sub-Legions were raised from additional recruits. From June 1792 to November 1792, the Legion remained cantoned at Fort LaFayette in Pittsburgh.</p><br>
<h2>Establishment</h2><br>
<p>By October 1792, Major General Wayne had been seeking a suitable place to winter and train his army away from the distractions of the city. Wayne eventually found the perfect site 22 miles from Pittsburgh on the eastern bank of the Ohio River near the modern town of Baden, Pennsylvania. The site was either on or near a former Indian village called Logstown (circa 1744-1761). On November 9, an advance party arrived and began preparing the camp for the arrival of the main army. On November 28, 1792, Wayne left Pittsburgh by boat with a fanfare and good wishes from its citizens. Within four hours, he disembarked at the new cantonment that he dubbed Legion Ville.</p><br>
<p>The camp, which was laid out on an east-west axis, had steep ravines to the north, east and west. Four redoubts, numbered 1-4, ringed the cantonment. Each redoubt garrisoned 36 men with an additional 120 men stationed at guard posts around the perimeter. The defensive ditch surrounding the entire garrison area was more than a mile long. In total 260 men, guarded the camp seven days a week, twenty-four hours a day. In less than a month, Legion Ville had grown to more than 500 buildings and had a population five times larger than the city of Pittsburgh. Single story wooden barracks were built for the enlisted men of the dragoons, infantry, artillery and rifle-corps. Officers of the dragoons and artillery had two-story buildings. Major General Wayne&#39;s house and the hospital were two-story log cabins with chimneys on both sides. The total area of the cantonment was about 35 acre. Estimates of the personnel at Legion Ville vary, but 2,500 is the popular figure.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>After all Waynes forces had been properly quartered, training started in earnest. The troops fired at targets every day as Wayne wanted marksmen. Bayonet drills, hand-to-hand combat, mock battles and overnight encampments outside the installation were also common. The dragoons (cavalry) under the command of Captain Robert MisCampbell built an obstacle course south of Legion Ville. The artillery lieutenants and captains built an artillery range. An auxiliary rifle range was built a half-mile west of the site. Troops were marched continually and battle formations and tactics taught to new officers. Discipline was harsh as courts martial were common; even minor infractions were dealt with severely (often lashing with a Cat o nine tails). Captain William Eaton who would lead the USA Marines ashore at Tripoli in 1804 was often a presiding judge.</p><br>
<p>During the winter, 16 private soldiers died at Legion Ville and were buried in an unmarked cemetery near Redoubt Number 2 inside the camp. The exact location was identified by local archaeologists via a cadaver dog in 2013. Among the dead were: Henry Dundalo, William Perry, James White, Randolph Hutchins, William Williamson, John Patterson, John Fry and Jarrett Rogers.</p><br>
<p>An officer duel between Lieutenant Daniel Jenifer and Ensign William Pitt Gassaway resulted in the ensign being killed. He was buried in the unmarked military cemetery. Colonel Thomas Proctor visited the camp and stayed for months helping the artillery become proficient. On February 26, 1793, Dr. Joseph Strong of Connecticut climbed the western bank of the hill and drew a picture of the site in a letter to a friend, Dr. Mason Cogswell. This letter, the only known depiction of the site, is kept within the archives at Yale University.</p><br>
<p>On March 25, 1793 the Grand Masonic Lodge of the State of Pennsylvania granted the first Masonic Lodge in Beaver County. This was to be at Legion Ville and was known under charter as Lodge 58. The Master was Captain Robert MisCampbell, Senior Warden Captain Robert Tinsley and Junior Warden, William Eaton.</p><br>
<p>With Spring, Seneca leaders Guyasuta and Big Tree met Wayne at Legion Ville in March 1793 to discuss peace terms. When the talks failed, George Washington gave the go-ahead for the campaign against the Indians. On April 30, 1793, the largest flotilla of military barges ever assembled on the Ohio River departed Legion Ville for Fort Washington, Cincinnati, Ohio. On August 20, 1794, the Legion of the United States defeated the Indian Confederacy at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. The Treaty of Greenville was signed on August 3, 1795 opening the Northwest Territory to settlement.</p><br>
<p>The discipline and intense training at Legion Ville was a key factor in one of the most brilliant campaigns in United States history.</p><br>
<h2>Site legacy</h2><br>
<p>In 1824 the Harmony Society purchased the property on which Legion Ville stood. The site was later bought by the A.M. Byers Ironworks Company who in turn sold it to National Tire and Rubber Company of Akron, Ohio. In 1973, the Anthony Wayne Historical Society was formed to preserve the site. In 1994, the name was changed to the Legion Ville Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>Republican senator John Heinz from Pennsylvania wanted to make the site a national park but the Bill was pocket-vetoed due to a clerical error by President Jimmy Carter. National Tire and Rubber eventually sold the site. In 2005 it was acquired by developers. A portion of the site was proposed as the location of a car dealership in Spring 2013.</p><br>
<p>Fort Recovery was a United States Army fort begun in late 1793 and completed in March 1794 under orders by General "Mad" Anthony Wayne. It was located on the site of the present-day village of Fort Recovery, Ohio, United States, on the Wabash River within two miles of the state&#39;s border with Indiana.</p><br>
<p>Wayne purposely chose as the location for his new fort the spot where Arthur St. Clair had been defeated in 1791 by an Indian confederacy under Miami Chief Michikinikwa (Little Turtle) and Shawnee Chief Weyapiersenwah (Blue Jacket). That battle, called St. Clairs Defeat, ended St Clairs military career and prompted the United States Congress to undertake a full investigation of the loss. Wayne hoped to demonstrate that the United States Army could recover from this crushing defeat and emerge victorious in what is now termed the Northwest Indian War or "Little Turtle&#39;s War."</p><br>
<h2>Attack on Fort Recovery</h2><br>
<p>On June 30, 1794, a supply column left Fort Recovery for Fort Greenville, under the command of Major William McMahon and escorted by ninety riflemen under Captain Asa Hartshome and fifty dragoons under Lieutenant Edmund Taylor. It had only gone about a quarter mile when it was attacked by Indians led by Blue Jacket, including a young Tecumseh. The dragoons cut a retreat back to the fort, losing thirty-two killed (including Captain Hartshome and Cornet Daniel Torrey) and thirty wounded, and inflicting an unknown number of casualties on their attackers.</p><br>
<p>During the night, a scouting company under Captain William Wells reported that there were British officers behind the Indian lines, and that they had brought powder and cannonballs, but no cannons. The Indians were looking for USA cannons that had been buried after St. Clair&#39;s Defeat, not knowing that they had already been recovered by the Legion of the United States. The next day, July 1, the Indians forces attacked the fort again, but they began to withdraw by noon, and they were gone by nightfall.</p><br>
<p>Fort Recovery was a reference point used to define the boundary line established in the Treaty of Greenville in 1795, following Wayne&#39;s victory in the Battle of Fallen Timbers. In 1800, it was used as a reference point in defining the initial boundaries of the Indiana Territory when that was first set off from the original Northwest Territory. When Ohio was admitted as a state in 1803, the boundaries had been adjusted and Fort Recovery was not mentioned as a reference point for the boundaries of the state.</p><br>
<h2>Fort Recovery Memorial</h2><br>
<p>In 1891, the battle sites were excavated, and the remains of some 1200 people were buried in a memorial park downtown. In 1908, President William Howard Taft signed a bill that allowed for the building of a monument for those killed under the command of Arthur St. Clair and Anthony Wayne in Fort Recovery. In 1910, he gave Fort Recovery $25,000 to build the monument. The monument, in the form of an obelisk, was built in 1912 and dedicated on July 1, 1913. The obelisk stands at 101 ft tall. It weighs approximately 800 ST and cost $23,700 to build. Today that monument is part of a historical landmark known as Fort Recovery State Memorial that is maintained by the Ohio Historical Society. Visitors can enjoy touring a replica of Wayne&#39;s fort with two reconstructed blockhouses with a connecting stockade.</p><br>
<p>The Fort Recovery State Museum, opened in 1938, features life-size dioramas of fort soldiers and Indians of the period. Exhibits explain Wayne&#39;s campaign and include military and Indian artifacts, uniforms, weapons, paintings and maps. The museum features a gift shop and offers programs for school groups.</p><br>
<p>Wabash River old course.jpgThe former location of the Wabash River running by the former location of the original Fort Recovery. The reproduction can be seen in the background, but it is not the original fort.</p><br>
<p>Fort Recovery obelisk.jpgVictory monument in Fort Recovery</p><br>
<p>FtRecovery Cannonballs.jpgCannonballs left over from Fort Recovery, now seen at the replica. Cannonballs can also be found around the village in many locations, including private property.</p><br>
<p>Fort Laurens was an American Revolutionary War fort in what is now the USA state of Ohio.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>The fort was built by General Lachlan McIntosh, in 1778, on the west bank of the Tuscarawas River, now in Tuscarawas County near the town of Bolivar. The fort was intended to be a staging point for an attack against the British garrison at Detroit. However, the conditions at the fort were harsh during the winter, and McIntosh removed most of the American forces to Fort Pitt, leaving only about 150 men (from the 8th Pennsylvania Regiment and 13th Virginia Regiment) under the command of Colonel John Gibson. Fort Laurens was the only fort built in the Ohio Country during the Revolutionary War.</p><br>
<h2>Siege</h2><br>
<p>The British learned of the miserable conditions at the fort, and on February 22, 1779, Captain Henry Bird of the 8th Regiment of Foot with a handful of British soldiers and a couple hundred Wyandot, Mingo, Munsee, and Delaware warriors laid siege to the fort. The siege continued until mid-March, and the men inside the fort reportedly were reduced to making a stew of boiled moccasins.</p><br>
<p>The British forces were also weakened by the long siege and lifted the siege on March 20, 1779. American relief forces from Fort Pitt arrived three days later, leaving a force of 106 men behind under the command of Major Frederick Vernon. Colonel Daniel Brodhead had replaced McIntosh as commander at Fort Pitt and felt the fort was inadequate for mounting an attack on Fort Detroit. The fort was abandoned on August 2, 1779.</p><br>
<p>It was named after Henry Laurens, a president of the Continental Congress from South Carolina. The fort was used as a reference point in defining the boundary line in Treaty of Greenville, although the text of the treaty misspells the name as "Fort Lawrence".</p><br>
<p>The Friends of Fort Laurens Foundation Inc., a volunteer organization, is currently raising funds to build a replica of the fort on the original site, as authorized by the Ohio General Assembly in April 1915.</p><br>
<h2>Fort Laurens Museum & Park</h2><br>
<p>The Ohio History Connection owns the site, and the Zoar Community Association operates the small museum at the site on behalf of OHC. The museums exhibits include information on frontier soldiers, a video about the forts history, and archaeological artifacts from the fort&#39;s excavation. The museum is located in a large park that is the used for military reenactments. The fort is the site of the Tomb of the Unknown Patriot of the American Revolution, laid to rest with full military honors by the Ohio National Guard in 1976. A crypt in the museum wall also contains remains of soldiers who died defending the fort. The site is closed in the winter.</p><br>
<p>In 1970, the fort site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Mauna Ulu is a volcanic cone in the eastern rift zone of the Kīlauea volcano on the island of Hawaii. It falls within the bounds of Volcanoes National Park. Mauna Ulu was in a state of eruption from May 1969 to July 1974.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The hill is named Mauna Ulu, meaning the growing mountain.</p><br>
<h2>1969–1974 Eruption</h2><br>
<p>The eruption that formed Mauna Ulu began on May 24, 1969 and continued until July 22, 1974. At the time, this was the longest-lasting and most voluminous eruption on Kīlauea&#39;s flank in at least 2200 years, lasting 1,774 days and producing 350 million cubic meters of lava. Lava flowed down the sides of the feature and large lava fountains (Including one 539.5 meter high fountain) were witnessed. The flows formed during this time period cover 44 sq. km and some lava deposits are reported to be 7.6 meters deep. The flows destroyed parts of the Chain of Craters Road, but the damage has since been repaired.</p><br>
<p>Lake Khövsgöl , also referred to as Khövsgöl dalai  or Dalai Eej , is the largest fresh water lake in Mongolia by volume and second largest by area. Khövsgöl Nuur is nicknamed "Younger sister of the Sister Lakes ".</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Khuvsgul nuur is located in the northwest of Mongolia near the Russian border, at the foot of the eastern Sayan Mountains. It is 1,645 m above sea level, 136 km long and 262 m deep. It is the second-most voluminous freshwater lake in Asia, and holds almost 70% of Mongolia&#39;s fresh water and 0.4% of all the fresh water in the world. The town of Hatgal is at the southern end of the lake.</p><br>
<p>Its watershed is relatively small, and it only has small tributaries. It is drained at the south end by the Egiin Gol, which connects to the Selenge and ultimately into Lake Baikal. Between the two lakes, the water travels a distance of more than 1,000 km, and falls 1,169 m, although the line-of-sight distance is only about 200 km. Its location in northern Mongolia forms one part of the southern border of the great Siberian taiga forest, of which the dominant tree is the Siberian Larch (Larix sibirica),</p><br>
<p>The lake is surrounded by several mountain ranges. The highest mountain is the Bürenkhaan / Mönkh Saridag (3,492 m), which has its peak north of the lake exactly on the Russian-Mongolian border. The surface of the lake freezes over completely in winter. The ice cover in winter is strong enough to carry heavy trucks; transport routes were installed on its surface as shortcuts to the normal roads. However, this practice is now forbidden to prevent pollution of the lake from both oil leaks and trucks breaking through the ice. It is estimated that 30-40 vehicles have sunk into the lake over the years.</p><br>
<h2>Ecological significance</h2><br>
<p>Khuvsgul is one of seventeen ancient lakes in the world, being more than 2 million years old, and the most pristine (apart from Lake Vostok),</p><br>
<p>worldlakes.org:, retrieved 2007-02-27</p><br>
<p>Goulden, Clyde E. et al.:, retrieved 2007-02-27</p><br>
<p>as well as being the most significant drinking water reserve of Mongolia. Its water is potable without any treatment. Hovsgol is an ultraoligotrophic lake with low levels of nutrients, primary productivity and high water clarity (secchi depths &gt; 18 m are common). Hovsgol&#39;s fish community is species-poor compared to that of Lake Baikal. Species of commercial and recreational interest include Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis), burbot (Lota lota), lenok (Brachymystax lenok), and the endangered endemic Hovsgol grayling (Thymallus nigrescens). Though endangered by poaching during its spawning runs, the Hovsgol grayling is still abundant throughout much of the lake.</p><br>
<p>The Lake area is a National Park bigger than Yellowstone and strictly protected as a transition zone between Central Asian Steppe and the Siberian Taiga. Despite Hovsgol&#39;s protected status, illegal fishing is common and prohibitions against commercial fishing with gillnets are seldom enforced. The lake is traditionally considered sacred in a land suffering from arid conditions where most lakes are salty.</p><br>
<p>The Park is home to a variety of wildlife such as ibex, argali, elk, wolf, wolverine, musk deer, brown bear, Siberian moose, and sable.</p><br>
<p>The Hövsgöl (Khövsgöl) Long-term Ecological Research Site (LTERS) was established in 1997 and an extensive research program began soon thereafter. Now part of an international network of long-term study sites, the Hövsgöl LTERS provides a stage for nurturing Mongolia&#39;s scientific and environmental infrastructures, studying climate change, and developing sustainable responses to some of environmental challenges facing the lake and its watershed.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology and transliterations</h2><br>
<p>The name Khövsgöl is derived from Tuvan language words for "Blue Water Lake," Nuur is the Mongolian word for "lake." There are a number of different transcription variants, depending on whether the Cyrillic "х" is transliterated to "h" or "kh," or whether the "ө" is transliterated to "ö," "o," or "u." Transcriptions from the name in the classical Mongolian script, like Hubsugul, Khubsugul etc. may also be seen.</p><br>
<p>The Thomas Edison Center at Menlo Park, also known as the Menlo Park Museum / Edison Memorial Tower, is a memorial to inventor and businessman Thomas Alva Edison, located in the Menlo Park area of Edison, Middlesex County, New Jersey, United States. The tower was dedicated on February 11, 1938, on what would have been the inventor&#39;s 91st birthday.</p><br>
<p>The tower marks the location of Edisons Menlo Park laboratory, the worlds first organized research and development site. He came to Menlo Park in 1876, the area was then known as Raritan Township, and later changed (in 1954) to Edison Township. Menlo Park is known as the Birthplace of Recorded Sound (November 1877), and the site of the worlds first practical incandescent lamp-light bulb (October 1879). Edison and his staff would create 400 of his most important inventions here. It was this site that Edison would fondly nickname his Invention Factory. Edison and his staff were working in New York City, building the worlds first central distribution site for electricity, when his wife Mary Stilwell Edison died at their Menlo Park home. He would later relocate to West Orange, New Jersey in 1884 to what is now the Thomas Edison National Historical Park. The original Menlo Park buildings began to deteriorate, and by 1926 most of the buildings had either collapsed or burned, and the only two remaining buildings were later moved to Greenfield Village in Dearborn, Michigan.</p><br>
<p>The towers pinnacle is meant to represent an incandescent light bulb and originally included an audio system that according to a 2004 Weird NJ magazine could be heard from a distance of two miles. The American concrete pioneer John Joseph Earley was involved in its construction. The Tower, which rises 131 feet above the Terrace, is topped by a 14 8" foot high Bulb made of Pyrex segments by the Corning Corporation. The tower is listed on the New Jersey and National Registers of Historic Places, and is now being restored, a project managed by The State of New Jersey.</p><br>
<p>The museum showcases many of Thomas Edisons creations including the phonograph and many of his light bulbs, as well as memorabilia relating to Edison and his inventions. The museum also showcases many images taken of Edisons property, inventions, and family.</p><br>
<p>The remainder of Edison&#39;s 36 acre estate is now the Edison State Park.</p><br>
<p>The Thomas Edison Center at Menlo Park is jointly administered by the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection&#39;s Division of Parks and Forestry, the Township of Edison, and the non-profit Edison Memorial Tower Corporation.</p><br>
<p>The Edison Memorial Tower Corporation, a 501(c)3, has been instrumental in having the current museum renovated. The renovated museum reopened on June 9, 2012, with old and newly acquired artifacts. The new professional interpretative exhibits were designed by Daniel Schnur, NYC.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>The tower underwent restoration from 2011-2015. Concrete samples were taken off the facade and sent to a laboratory where they were tested for their specific makeup. This is so the recreated panels could match the old ones that do not need replacing.</p><br>
<p>The Centennial Plaque, which was stolen a number of years ago, was also replaced during the restoration. The lower, part of the plaque was sent to a Metallurgist in order to match the color.</p><br>
<p>The restoration was completed in October 2015, and a re-dedication ceremony was held on October 24, 2015. The ceremony showed off the newly refurbished tower, media system which played music from the tower&#39;s construction until the 50s, grounds, and will conclude with the relighting of the large light bulb at the top of the tower.</p><br>
<p>Also to note there have been a few Eagle Scout projects in the area. One is the large informational sign across Christie Street from the tower. This project contains information about the Electric Railroad Edison built in that spot. The second project is the sign at the bottom edge of the property, closest to Route 27. The newest project was completed on June 8, 2013, and is a sign closer to the museum. It was completed by Tyler Kerekgyarto of Troop 12, based in Edison, NJ. The sign contains information about the museum, the website, and hours of operation.</p><br>
<h2>World's largest light bulb</h2><br>
<p>The sphere atop the tower has been called the "worlds largest light bulb". Another famous sphere, the Union Watersphere, that has long been known as the "worlds tallest water sphere" is located in nearby Union.</p><br>
<p>Monument Peak is a mountain peak located southeast of Fremont and northeast of Milpitas, in the East Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area, in California.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The mountain is part of a ridge in the Diablo Range that includes Mount Allison and Mission Peak, and forms part of the border between Alameda County, and Santa Clara County.</p><br>
<p>Monument Peak County Park. It can be reached via a gated road, or via trails from Ed R. Levin County Park in Santa Clara County, or Mission Peak Park in Alameda County.</p><br>
<h2>Antenna</h2><br>
<p>Built on July 1, 1988, an antenna on Monument Peak broadcasts channels 36 (KICU) and 54 (PBS, KQEH). It is a free-standing structure 605.2 feet (184.4 meters) above ground level.</p><br>
<p>In the image above, the Monument Peak antenna is the tallest one seen (far right). The peak is the point directly right of the antenna. The antenna to the far left is on Mount Allison.</p><br>
<h2>Other Monument Peaks</h2><br>
<p>There are other Monument Peaks in California:</p><br>
<p>Monument Peak in Riverside County, in the Temescal Mountains.</p><br>
<p>Monument Peak in San Diego County, 6,200 ft. in elevation.</p><br>
<p>Monument Peak in San Bernardino County, a distinctive spire 2379 ft. in elevation, the northernmost point on the Colorado River Indian Reservation.</p><br>
<p>Mission Peak Regional Preserve is a public park east of Fremont, California, operated by the East Bay Regional Park District. It is the northern summit on a ridge that includes Mount Allison and Monument Peak. Mission Peak has symbolic importance, and is depicted on the logo of the City of Fremont.</p><br>
<h2>Hiking and bicycling</h2><br>
<p>This park borders and overlooks Silicon Valley, and is popular with local hikers, bicyclists, sightseers from the Bay Area, and tourists from beyond for its vista and strenuous climb. The "Mission Peeker" marker pole at the summit is the most famous and geo-tagged landmark in the City of Fremont: a stream of sightseers takes photographs alongside the landmark. The Stanford Avenue entrance receives up to two thousand visitors per day on weekends. Visitor numbers surged after 2010, and it is the most popular attraction in Fremont.</p><br>
<p>A full six-mile (10 km) round-trip ascent on a popular trail takes two to five hours for walkers, one to one-and-a-half hours for bicyclists and runners. Difficulty with the midday sun, such as dehydration, is common. Guidelines recommend carrying two liters of water per person, extra water for dogs, and sun protection. Signs prohibit off-trail shortcuts which can cause erosion, and some shortcuts have barbed wire fencing to reduce trespassing.</p><br>
<p>Three trails climb the mountains northern and western faces. The Hidden Valley Trail which draws the lions share of visitors and the Peak Meadow Trail both ascend the western face from Stanford Avenue. They have an elevation change of 2,100 ft, with panoramic views of the Bay Area but are sun exposed with little shade. The Stanford Avenue entrance has water and restrooms. No food, water bottles or supplies are sold at the park.</p><br>
<p>The Park District is directing visitors to the Mission Peak Trail which starts at Ohlone College. This has an elevation change of 2,100 ft, and is 10% longer than the Hidden Valley Trail. The Peak Trail (Ohlone College) entrance has restrooms but no water.</p><br>
<p>Paid (though free on Sunday) parking at Ohlone College is not congested, nor are the miles-long pedestrian trails inside the park proper. Most access the park from one of two nearby freeways, 680 and 880. The Warm Springs BART station (part of the Silicon Valley BART extension), and AC Transit buses offer service to Ohlone College and the intersection of Mission Blvd.</p><br>
<p>The two least popular approaches originate from Sunol Regional Wilderness and Ed R. Levin County Park in Milpitas. The Sunol route climbs 2,200 ft over five miles (8 km), a gentler grade than Hidden Valley Trail which climbs 2,100 ft over three miles (5 km). The Levin County Park route first climbs 2,200 ft from the Park HQ to Monument Peak over three miles (5 km), and from there Mission Peak is another three miles (5 km) to the north along a mostly flat trail. This route passes beside Mount Allison, the tallest of the three peaks. Mount Allison is about 170 ft higher than Mission Peak, but not open to the public. Monument Peak is 2,594 ft.</p><br>
<p>Depending on weather conditions, Bay Area peaks including Mount Diablo, Mount Hamilton, and Mount Tamalpais can be seen. Furthermore, the peak provides good views of Oakland, San Jose, San Francisco, Fremont, and Newark. On very clear days, the Sierra Nevada range are visible 100 miles (160 km) to the east.</p><br>
<p>Mission Peak connects to a network of regional trails and contains part of the Bay Area Ridge Trail, which is under construction and has gaps to the north of Mission Peak. The Eagle Spring Backpack campsite is just east of the summit.</p><br>
<h2>Iconic “Mission Peeker” summit pole</h2><br>
<p>Sculptor and park ranger Leonard Page along with a crew of six erected the iconic “Mission Peeker” on December 27, 1990. The pole is over six feet (1.8 m) in height, and the foundation is two feet (0.6 m) deep with 120 pounds (54 kg) of concrete.</p><br>
<p>The sculptors purpose was to promote environmental awareness. Sealed inside the steel tube are a crystal with traditional cultural uses, an Ohlone charmstone replica, a bottle of 1990 zinfandel wine whose yeast overshoot represents world population trends, and five time capsules with articles and photographs. The time capsules were intended to be opened in a century or more, after 2090, and focus on rainforest preservation, AIDs and homelessness. They offer images from popular culture of Bart Simpson, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, and Gary Larsens Far Side cartoons.</p><br>
<p>The cultural meaning of monuments often change, and the use of this artifact has evolved over a quarter century. Though designed in 1988 as an “interpretive post,” with sight tubes pointing to other Bay Area landmarks and cities, the “peeker” function has since been rendered archaic and its environmental message is not widely known.</p><br>
<p>The marker now functions as a standalone cultural monument, and draws thousands of weekly sightseers and tourists that make it the most photographed artifact in southern Alameda County and the top tourist attraction in Fremont. Snapchat has a geofilter image of the pole representing Fremont.</p><br>
<p>The pole has become a contested cultural symbol.</p><br>
<h2>Park access controversy</h2><br>
<p>Controversy surrounds access to Mission Peak. Parking is congested near the free 40-space Stanford Avenue lot. Most visitors enter there, and the congestion spills over to nearby public streets on weekends. The East Bay Regional Park District cut park service hours (formerly 5 am to 10 pm) by 30% in late 2014, in part to divert visitors away from the Stanford Avenue entrance. The Stanford opening was delayed to 6:30 am instead of the former 5:00 am, generating a crowd of sunrise viewers who assemble at the gate before it opens on weekends.</p><br>
<p>In 2015 they discussed further restrictions including a per person daily use (entry) fee, parking permits to restrict public street parking while favoring local residents,</p><br>
<p>parking fees to reduce parking congestion, a dog fee to reduce visits by dog owners and demolition of the iconic summit pole. EBRPD proposed a larger parking lot at the Stanford entrance in 2012; and, as of 2015, completion was expected in 2018.</p><br>
<h2>Hang gliding and paragliding</h2><br>
<p>Mission Peak Regional Preserve is a popular location for hang gliding and paragliding.</p><br>
<p>The Wings of Rogallo Northern California Hang Gliding Association Inc. has been licensed by the East Bay Regional Park District (EBRPD) to administer hang gliding and paragliding at Mission Peak since 1983.</p><br>
<p>Hikers can observe takeoffs from the launch point 1,950 ft above sea level, marked by a large wind sock. Landings occur adjacent to the main hiking trail about one quarter mile (400 m) from the Stanford Avenue entrance, near the proposed site of a parking lot expected in late 2018.</p><br>
<p>On September 6, 1971, Dave Kilbourne, one of the founders of the Wings of Rogallo, hiked atop Mission Ridge and launched a flex wing hang glider unaided. The flight lasted more than an hour, and he became the first person in the world to do so.</p><br>
<h2>Environment</h2><br>
<p>Mission Peak is home to California oak woodland and chaparral. Typical of the interior coast ranges, the woodland contains coast live oak, California bay, California buckeye, blue oak, and western sycamores. Black oak is rare, because most stands have been logged. Bigleaf maples and gray pines are less common, though the old-growth oak forest in the Hidden Valley (see Hiking) known as A.A. Moore Memorial Grove contains all the tree species. Many oaks are 100 to 600 years old, with few younger than 50. Oak saplings have been eaten by cattle and choked by invasives for centuries. The steepest slopes are home to hard, evergreen chaparral, primarily California sagebrush, chamise, and scrub oak.</p><br>
<p>The grasslands have native and nonnative plants brought by cows, though native wildflowers grow in the spring. The cattle have a feisty reputation. Black-tailed deer are abundant. Pronghorn and tule elk were extirpated in the late 19th century. Tule elk were reintroduced to Alameda County, and now visit occasionally. Predators include bobcats, coyotes, gray foxes, and very rarely seen mountain lions. Small mammals include the black-tailed jackrabbit, the western gray squirrel, and California ground squirrels.</p><br>
<p>Visitors should beware that northern Pacific rattlesnakes are very common.</p><br>
<p>Southern Alameda County has a high density of nesting golden eagles, seen often, along with turkey vultures, red-tailed hawks, red-shouldered hawks, prairie falcons, and sharp-shinned hawks. They nest in on the slopes of steep valleys, where no trails enter.</p><br>
<p>Light snow falls most winters, and melts quickly. Heavy snow falls once or twice a decade, such as in March 2006 (see picture in the Hiking and bicycling section). On December 7, 2009, the snow level dropped to 1,000 ft and snow remained for three days.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Mission Peak has a large (300 m wide by 1200 m long) landslide that started in 1998 due to the El Niño rains. Landslides had recurred here in the geological past.</p><br>
<p>The landslide threatened new housing, and local development regulations were changed to address the geotechnical hazards.</p><br>
<p>Some sources have incorrectly labeled Mission Peak as an extinct volcano, because of the sharp point of the peak. However, the mountain is a product of natural uplift and erosion, not of volcanic origin. This range is being compressed and uplifted due to the proximity of the Hayward Fault to the west and the Calaveras Fault to the east.</p><br>
<p>Hassel Island  is a small island of the USA Virgin Islands, a United States territory located in the Caribbean Sea. Hassel Island lies in the Charlotte Amalie harbor</p><br>
<p>just south of Saint Thomas and east of Water Island, with which it is part of the sub-district of Water Island.</p><br>
<p>The roughly 136 acre island was once a peninsula of Saint Thomas, known as Orkanhullet (Hurricane Hole). Hassel Island was separated by the Danish government in 1860, and named for the Hassel family who owned much of the estate.</p><br>
<p>In March 2012, the MTV&#39;s reality TV series The Real World was filmed for its twenty-seventh season on Hassel Island. It is the only season that the television series has filmed in the Caribbean. The season completed its filming two months later in May 2012. In 2015, that land was purchased to be used as a lot for a home. There are under five homes built on this island. It does not seem to be a fast growing populous place, but rather a more secluded and private island.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Careening Cove, a bay on Hassel Island, appears on maps as early as 1687.</p><br>
<p>The Danish used Hassel Island&#39;s strategic location to defend the busy Charlotte Amalie harbor in the 18th and 19th centuries.</p><br>
<p>The British occupied Hassel Island during the Napoleonic Wars.</p><br>
<p>The ruins of several British buildings remain on Hassel Island, including Fort Willoughby, which was built on the site of the older Prince Frederiks Battery (Fort Frederik), Fort Shipley (Shipleys Battery), and Cowell&#39;s Battery. All three were constructed around 1802.</p><br>
<p>In the 1840s, the St. Thomas Marine Railway Company constructed the St. Thomas Marine Railway Slip. Later renamed the Creque Marine Railway, it is one of the earliest steam-powered marine railways in the western hemisphere and perhaps the oldest surviving example of such a railway. The Hamburg-based Boulton Company built the railway&#39;s steam engine.</p><br>
<p>In the 1860s, the Danish government dug a channel which separated Hassel Island from Saint Thomas and improved the circulation of the Charlotte Amalie harbor.</p><br>
<p>The Royal Mail Steam Packet Company operated its West Indies hub on Hassel Island from about 1850 until the 1870s.</p><br>
<p>In 1871, the Hamburg America Line set up a coaling station on Hassel Island.</p><br>
<p>There was also a leprosarium on the island.</p><br>
<p>The channel was widened by the</p><br>
<p>United States Army Corps of Engineers in 1919, shortly after the United States purchased the Danish West Indies. The United States Navy also established a naval station on the island, which was in operation during World War I and World War II.</p><br>
<p>In the middle of the 20th century, most of Hassel Island was owned by the prominent local Paiewonsky family. The Royal Mail Inn, a small hotel located on Hassel Island, may have been the hotel immortalized in Herman Wouks novel Dont Stop the Carnival.</p><br>
<p>The Creque Marine Railway and a signal station at Cowell&#39;s Battery were in operation until the 1960s and 1970s respectively.</p><br>
<p>In 1978, the Virgin Islands National Park purchased most of the island from the Paiewonsky family. The rest of the island is divided between the territorial government and a few private residences.</p><br>
<p>Since around 2004, the Saint Thomas and Hassel Island Preservation Trust, the Virgin Islands National Park, the Saint Thomas Historical Trust and other organizations have been working to restore and preserve the island&#39;s historic sites. There are limited guided kayaking and hiking tours of the island.</p><br>
<p>Hassel Island is also the location for The Real World: St. Thomas, the twenty-seventh season of the reality show The Real World.</p><br>
<p>The Porcellian Club is an all-male final club at Harvard University, sometimes called the Porc or the P.C. The year of founding is usually given as 1791, when a group began meeting under the name "the Argonauts," or as 1794, the year of the roast pig dinner at which the club, known first as "the Pig Club" was formally founded. The clubs motto, Dum vivimus vivamus  is literally Epicurean. The club emblem is the pig and some members sport golden pigs on watch-chains or neckties bearing pigs-head emblems. The club was originally started by a group of 30 students from Massachusetts who wanted to avoid the dining halls and their food by roasting pigs.</p><br>
<p>The Porcellian is the iconic "hotsy-totsy final club," often bracketed with Yales Skull and Bones, Princetons Ivy Club, Dartmouths Sphinx Club, Cambridges Pitt Club, and Oxford&#39;s Bullingdon Club. A history of Harvard calls the Porcellian "the most final of them all."</p><br>
<h2>Founding</h2><br>
<p>According to a Harvard Crimson article of February 23, 1887:</p><br>
<p>An 1891 article from The Cambridge Chronicle recounts the early members of the club:</p><br>
<h2>Clubhouse</h2><br>
<p>The Porcellian clubhouse is located at 1324 Massachusetts Avenue above the store of clothier J. August. The building was designed by the architect and clubmember William York Peters. Its entrance faces the Harvard freshman dormitories and the entrance to Harvard Yard called the Porcellian, or McKean, Gate. The gate was donated by the club in 1901 and features a limestone carving of a boar&#39;s head. Access to the clubhouse is strictly limited to members, but non-members are allowed in the first floor room known as the Bicycle Room.</p><br>
<p>Despite the exclusivity and mystique, some, like National Review columnist/editor, Ronald Reagan speechwriter and Dartmouth emeritus professor of English Jeffrey Hart, have noted the club&#39;s modest physical and metaphorical character. Hart (who had never actually been inside the club) wrote:</p><br>
<p>A portrait of George Washington Lewis, titled "The Steward (Lewis of the Porcellian)" by Joseph DeCamp, hangs in the clubhouse. An obituary in TIME magazine on April 1, 1929 notes:</p><br>
<p>George Washington Lewis, of Cambridge, Mass., for over 45 years the esteemed Negro steward of the Porcellian Club at Harvard College; in Cambridge, Mass. Ancient and most esoteric of Harvard clubs is Porcellian, founded in 1791.* An oil portrait of Steward Lewis hangs in the clubhouse. Steward Lewis had ten Porcellian pallbearers.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>The interior of the then-new clubhouse was described in an 1891 article in the Cambridge Chronicle:</p><br>
<p>The enlargement of the clubs library, and the fact of its growing postgraduate or honorary membership roll, compelled it from time to time to enlarge its accommodations. Finally, in 1881, it determined to tear down the old house where it had so long met, on Harvard street and build a new structure its site. The new structure is of brick, handsomely trimmed in stone, and rises to the height of four stories, with about seventy or eighty feet of frontage on Harvard street. Two large stores claim a part of the ground floor, but they do not encroach on the broad and handsome entrance to the clubs apartments.</p><br>
<p>The three upper floors are used exclusively by the club. The first of them contains a large hall which opens both into the front and rear reception rooms and parlors, which, in turn, communicate. From each of these rooms a door leads to the library, which extends through from the front to the rear. On the second floor, in addition to a room over the library, there is a billiard hall in the front and a breakfast room in the rear with the kitchen over the main hall of the floor beneath. Nearly the whole of the top floor is taken up by a large banquet hall, vaulted by handsome rafters.</p><br>
<h2>Historical significance</h2><br>
<p>Theodore Roosevelt and other members of the extended Roosevelt family belonged to the Porcellian, but the club did not invite Harvard sophomore Franklin D. Roosevelt to join. FDR joined the Fly Club instead, along with his roommate, and eventually three of his sons. According to relative Sheffield Cowles, however, FDR, in his late thirties, declared, perhaps hyperbolically, that not being "punched" by the Porc was "the greatest disappointment in his life", evidently ranking it ahead of losing use of his legs. Additionally, the young Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr. received no invitation to join the Porc; a biographer writes that "For years later, Joe Kennedy remembered the day he didn&#39;t make the Porcellian Club, the most desired in his mind, realizing that none of the Catholics he knew at Harvard had been selected."</p><br>
<p>An 1870 travel book said:</p><br>
<p>A notice of Harvard would be as incomplete without a reference to the Porcellian Club as a notice of Oxford or Cambridge would be in which the Union Debating Society held no place. This and the Hasty Pudding Club, an organization for performing amateur theatricals, are the two lions of Harvard. The Porcellian Club is hardly a place of resort for those who cultivate the intellect at the expense of the body. The list of active members is small, owing in part to the largeness of the annual subscription. The great desire of every student is to become a member of it... the doings of the club are shrouded in secrecy... All that can be said by a stranger who has been privileged to step behind the scenes is that the mysteries are rites which can be practised without much labor and yield a pleasure which is fraught with no unpleasant consequences.</p><br>
<p>A telling indication of the position of the Porcellian in the Boston establishment is given by an historian of Bostons Trinity Church, Porcellian member H. H. Richardsons architectural masterpiece. In speculating as to why Richardson was chosen, he writes, "The thirty-four-year-old possessed one great advantage over the other candidates: as a popular Harvard undergraduate he had been a member of several clubs, including the prestigious Porcellian; thus he needed no introduction to the rector, Phillips Brooks, or five of the eleven-man building committee&mdash;they were all fellow Porcellian members."</p><br>
<h2>Membership criteria</h2><br>
<p>A biography of Norman Mailer says that when he was at Harvard, "It would have been unthinkable... for a Jew to be invited to join one of the so-called final clubs like Porcellian, A.D. Club, Fly, or Spee." A history of Harvard notes the decline in Boston Brahmin influence at Harvard during the last quarter of the 1900s, and says "a third of were Jewish by 1986 and one was black. The Porcellian... took an occasional Jew and in 1983 (to the horror of some elders) admitted an African-American&mdash;who had gone to St. Paul&#39;s."</p><br>
<p>More recent information on the membership of the Porcellian Club may be found in a 1994 Harvard Crimson article by Joseph Mathews. He writes, "Prep school background, region and legacy status do not appear to be the sole determinants of membership they may once have been, but... they remain factors."</p><br>
<p>As of 2016, the club only admitted male members, and defended “the value of single gender institutions for men and women as a supplement and option to coeducational institutions”.</p><br>
<h2>Joseph McKean Gate</h2><br>
<p>In 1901 a gate to Harvard Yard, directly opposite the clubhouse, was erected. According to a notice published in the Harvard Crimson, on March 20, 1909:</p><br>
<p>A gate is to be erected at the entrance to the Yard between Wadsworth House and Boylston Hall. It is to be erected by members of the Porcellian Club in memory of Joseph McKean 1794, S.T.D., LL.D. Boylston Professor of Rhetoric, Oratory and Elocution, and also the founder of the Porcellian Club.</p><br>
<p>The gate prominently features the clubs symbol, a boars head, directly above the central arch and is a famous Harvard landmark.</p><br>
<h2>Notable members</h2><br>
<p>Joseph Alsop (1932) – Journalist, author of The 168 Days (1938) regarding FDR&#39;s plan to pack the Supreme Court. Great-nephew of Theodore Roosevelt.</p><br>
<p>William Astor Chanler – Soldier, explorer and USA Congressman from NY (1899-1901)</p><br>
<p>John Jay Chapman (1884, L.L.D. 1887) – Author, Emerson and Other Essays, translator Dante, Sophocles. Brother-in-law of William Chanler</p><br>
<p>Justice Benjamin Robbins Curtis (1829) – Assoc. Justice of the USA Supreme Court. Wrote dissent in the Dred Scott v. Sandford decision. Resigned from the Supreme Court as a matter of conscience over the decision.</p><br>
<p>Richard Henry Dana, Jr. – Author, Two Years Before the Mast</p><br>
<p>Edward Everett – Secretary of State, President of Harvard, Congressman & Senator from Massachusetts, 15th Gov. of Massachusetts</p><br>
<p>Hamilton Fish III – College Football All-American and Congressman from New York (1910)</p><br>
<p>Miles Fisher – American film and television actor</p><br>
<p>Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. – author, poet, and professor at Harvard Medical School</p><br>
<p>Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. – Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, professor at Harvard Law School</p><br>
<p>William Henry Fitzhugh Lee (1858) – Son of Robert E. Lee. Great-grandson of George Washington through his mothers side (Custis family); Grandson of Richard Henry "Lighthorse" Lee, Revolutionary War General. Resigned USA Army before outbreak of Civil War. Formed Virginia Raiders, later "Lees Raiders". Later formed "Lee&#39;s Legion" by consolidating 8 companies of cavalry. Promoted Major General, Army of Northern Virginia (youngest in CSA). Extensive service with ANV through end of war. Surrendered with his father at Appomattox.</p><br>
<p>Henry Cabot Lodge – American statesman, Congressman and Senator from Massachusetts. Senate Majority Leader. Noted historian.</p><br>
<p>James Russell Lowell – Poet</p><br>
<p>Theodore Lyman (1858) – Union officer. Lt. Col. on Gen. Meades staff. Cousin by marriage to Robt. Gould Shaw. Congressman from Massachusetts. Overseer of Harvard Univ. 1st cousin to Charles W. Eliot, president of Harvard.</p><br>
<p>Maj. Gen. George Gordon Meade (1866) – Major General, United States Army. Commander of Union forces at Gettysburg. Hon. Member.</p><br>
<p>Paul Nitze – Presidential advisor, diplomat, foreign policy strategist, Secretary of the Navy, Deputy Secretary of Defense, and co-founder of the School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS)</p><br>
<p>Wendell Phillips – leading abolitionist</p><br>
<p>William Phillips – Diplomat, USA Ambassador to Italy</p><br>
<p>H. H. Richardson – Architect, designer of Trinity Church in Boston, Massachusetts, among others</p><br>
<p>President Theodore Roosevelt – 26th President of the United States</p><br>
<p>Brigadier General Theodore Roosevelt, Jr – Recipient of the Medal of Honor</p><br>
<p>Leverett Saltonstall – United States Senator from Massachusetts; 59th Governor of Massachusetts</p><br>
<p>Louis Agassiz Shaw II – Boston socialite; depicted in Robert Lowells poem "Waking in the Blue" as "Bobbie, Porcellian 29, a replica of Louis XVI without the wig..."</p><br>
<p>Robert Gould Shaw (1856–59) – Colonel of 54th Massachusetts Regiment, first all-volunteer Black regiment in Union Army, Civil War Killed in action at Ft. Wagner, as depicted in the motion picture Glory. Subject of the Robert Gould Shaw Memorial by Augustus Saint-Gaudens</p><br>
<p>Justice Joseph Story (1795) – Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, leading Federalist theorist. Son of Elisha Story, member of Sons of Liberty and participant in the Boston Tea Party.</p><br>
<p>Charles Sumner (1830, LLD 1834) – Politician. Congressman & Senator from Massachusetts. leading abolitionist. Nearly beaten to death in 1856 on the floor of the house by Preston Brooks (D-So. Carolina) following a speech on slavery and slave holders.</p><br>
<p>Benjamin Ogle Tayloe (1814) – American businessman, diplomat, and political activist in Washington, D.C. during the first half of the 19th century. Son of Col. John Tayloe III of The Octagon House, grandson of John Tayloe II of Mount Airy, Richmond County, Virginia and Benjamin Ogle</p><br>
<p>Edward Thornton Tayloe - American Diplomat and planter. Son of Col. John Tayloe III of The Octagon House, grandson of John Tayloe II of Mount Airy, Richmond County, Virginia, and Benjamin Ogle of Ogle Hall. Personal secretary to Joel Roberts Poinsett first United States Minister to Mexico. Was selected to be United States Secretary of the Treasury under William Henry Harrison, but President Harrison died before he could be confirmed. Some historians argue Harrison was on his way to The Benjamin Ogle Tayloe House with this information when he caught pneumonia.</p><br>
<p>Henry Constantine Wayne (1834) – Confederate officer. Left Harvard to graduate USMA (1838). Major General of GA Militia under Gen. Johnston during Shermans March to the Sea. Led irregular unit to harass Sherman on march to Savannah. Waynes account of the defense of the Oconee Bridge (leading cadets of the GA Mil. Inst.) was included by Sherman in the 2d Ed. of his Memoirs(1885). Son of James Moore Wayne, Associate Justice of the USA Supreme Court</p><br>
<p>Richard Whitney (1911) – President of the New York Stock Exchange (1930–1935), convicted embezzler.</p><br>
<p>Cameron Winklevoss (2004) – Rower, brought lawsuit vs. Facebook with his twin brother and Divya Narendra; 2008 Beijing Olympic Crew</p><br>
<p>Tyler Winklevoss (2004) – American rower and twin brother of Cameron; 2008 Beijing Olympic Crew</p><br>
<p>Grenville Lindall Winthrop (1864-1943), American art collector.</p><br>
<p>Owen Wister (1882) – Author, The Virginian</p><br>
<p>According to a 1940 Time article:</p><br>
<p>The Pork had as members James Russell Lowell, the two famed Oliver Wendell Holmeses (the author of Autocrat of the Breakfast Table and the Supreme Court Justice), Owen Wister, Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, President Theodore Roosevelt (the Franklin Roosevelts go Fly Club). Among its living members are Massachusetts&#39; Governor Leverett Saltonstall, Congressman Hamilton Fish, Yachtsman Harold Stirling Vanderbilt, Poloist Thomas Hitchcock Jr., U. S. Ambassador to Italy William Phillips, Journalist Joseph Alsop, Richard Whitney, now of Sing Sing Prison, of whom all good Porkies prefer not to speak. The Pork is very much a family affair. Upon its roster, generation after generation, appear the same proud Boston names—Adams, Ames, Amory, Cabot, Gushing, etc.</p><br>
<p>According to a note to the obituary of the Club Steward on Monday, April 1, 1929, in Time magazine:</p><br>
<p>The Porcellian roster includes Theodore Roosevelt, Theodore Roosevelt Jr., Poet Oliver Wendell Holmes, Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Nicholas Longworth, Poet James Russell Lowell, Richard Henry (Two Years Before the Mast) Dana, Novelist Owen Wister, John Jay Chapman. The club&#39;s favorite brew is a mixture of beer and gin.</p><br>
<p>Akrata,  is a town and a former municipality in Achaea, West Greece, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Aigialeia, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 180.169 km. Akrata is located on the right bank of the river Krathis, 3 km from its outflow into the Gulf of Corinth. The Greek National Road 8A/E65  and the railway from Patras to Corinth pass through the municipal unit, northeast of the town. The nearest town is Aigeira, 4 km to the east. It is 23 km southeast of Aigio, 52 km east of Patras and 23 km northeast of Kalavryta.</p><br>
<h2>Subdivisions</h2><br>
<p>The municipal unit Akrata is subdivided into the following communities (constituent villages in brackets):</p><br>
<p>Agia Varvara (Agia Varvara, Vounaki)</p><br>
<p>Akrata (Akrata, Palaiostafida, Pyrgos, Fournoi)</p><br>
<p>Ampelos</p><br>
<p>Kalamias (Kalamias, Kato Potamia, Potamitikos Gialos)</p><br>
<p>Krathio (Krathio, Goumaiika)</p><br>
<p>Mesorrougi (Mesorrougi, Ano Mesorrougi, Solos)</p><br>
<p>Paralia Platanou</p><br>
<p>Peristera (Peristera, Agridi, Chalkianika)</p><br>
<p>Platanos (Platanos, Ano Potamia, Korinthiako Balkoni, Tsivlos)</p><br>
<p>Porovitsa (Porovitsa, Paralia Porovitsis)</p><br>
<p>Sylivainiotika</p><br>
<p>Valimi</p><br>
<p>Voutsimos</p><br>
<p>Zarouchla</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Most of the municipal unit is mountainous, with only some flat areas near the Gulf of Corinth coast. Akrata is known for its beaches. The river Krathis flows from the Aroania mountain to sea through Akrata. Lake Tsivlos, formed by a landslide in 1912, is by the road linking Akrata and Zarouchla, 11 km southwest of Akrata.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The ruins of the ancient city of Aegae and its ancient theatre are found near Akrata. The municipality Akrata was founded in 1879 but was dissolved in 1914. The municipality was refounded in 1986 along with Sylivainiotika, Porovitsa and Krathio. In 1998 under the Capodistrian Plan, the municipality was enlarged to include every village and town in the municipality. Angelos Deloukas was the first mayor of the municipality. The countryside near Akrata was damaged by the 2007 Greek forest fires.</p><br>
<h2>Media and books</h2><br>
<p>Styx - Greek local and monthly newspaper</p><br>
<p>The Borromean Islands  are a group of three small islands and two islets in the Italian part of Lago Maggiore, located in the western arm of the lake, between Verbania to the north and Stresa to the south. Together totalling just 50 acres in area, they are a major local tourist attraction for their picturesque setting.</p><br>
<p>Their name derives from the Borromeo family, which started acquiring them in the early 16th century (Isola Madre) and still owns the majority of them (Isola Madre, Bella, San Giovanni) today.</p><br>
<p>Isola Bella, named for Isabella, countess Borromeo, was originally a largely barren rock; after first improvements and buildings, opened by count Carlo III between 1629 and 1652, his son Vitaliano the 6th built an attractive summer palace, bringing in vast quantities of soil in order to build up a system of ten terraces for the garden. The unfinished building displays paintings by Lombard artists and Flemish tapestries.</p><br>
<p>Isola Madre, the largest of the three, is also noted for its gardens, which have been maintained since about 1823 in an English style. Its palace, though uninhabited, is splendidly furnished with 16th- to 19th-century Italian masterpieces and paintings.</p><br>
<p>Isola dei Pescatori or Isola Superiore is now the only inhabited island in the archipelago. It has a fishing village, which in 1971 had a population of 208.</p><br>
<p>Isolino di San Giovanni is located just off Pallanza (today part of Verbania) to the north.</p><br>
<p>The tiny uninhabited rock of Malghera, with an area of only 200 square meters, lies between Isola Bella and Isola dei Pescatori and offers bushy vegetation and a small beach.</p><br>
<p>Lake Decatur is a 2,800 acre reservoir located in the city of Decatur, Illinois, east of downtown. The city and lake both share the name of USA Navy Commodore Stephen Decatur. The lake is 613 ft above sea level. Lake Decatur has a watershed of 925 square miles  reaching into parts of 7 counties. The largest lake on the Sangamon River, it was created in 1920–1922.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The lake was constructed as a source of water for Decatur, especially the local corn refining industry. Corn refiner A.E. Staley led the campaign to persuade Decatur to borrow the $2.0 million necessary for the project. Staley was not being altruistic; corn wet-milling, which Staleys successor firm Tate & Lyle, and its local competitor Archer Daniels Midland, carry on to this day, is a water-intensive industrial process. Lake Decatur water is also used in the process of refining corn into ethanol. As of 2007, about 76 percent of Lake Decaturs water was used for commercial and industrial purposes.</p><br>
<p>As the largest artificial lake in Illinois at the time of construction, with a 30 mi shoreline, Lake Decatur became a focus of Mid-Illinois recreation. The invention of the gasoline-powered speedboat had made sheltered reservoir waters attractive to many inland Americans.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>In the years since its completion in 1922, the aging Lake Decatur has suffered from extensive siltation problems. It was designed to sit atop relatively flat prairie land, and is vulnerable to deposits of silt eroded from farm fields in the 925 square miles upper Sangamon River drainage area. From 1923 through 1983, Lake Decatur lost an estimated 35% of its designed storage volume. Although this trend has since been slowed by ongoing dredging, as of 2004 Lake Decatur was described as having an average depth of only 8 ft.</p><br>
<p>2008 rainfall replenished lake levels although the dredging operations have failed to stem the loss of reservoir storage capacity; city officials considered, but ultimately decided against, constructing a second reservoir for water storage purposes.</p><br>
<p>Lake Decatur borders two of Decatur&#39;s largest parks, Faries Park and Nelson Park, as well as Scovill Zoo. The Decatur Park District was founded in 1924 to take advantage of the opportunities arising from the creation of the lake.</p><br>
<p>Lake Decatur can be seen from USA Highway 36, which crosses the lake on a causeway bridge located on Decatur&#39;s southeast side. USA Route 51 also crosses the lake on the south side of the city.</p><br>
<p>City registration is required to boat on the lake: as of April 2010, day passes can be purchased in the Lake Patrol office in Nelson Park. Lake Patrol can also provide maps to the lake, along with rules information and fishing regulations. The Lake Patrol office is only open during regular business hours Monday through Friday in off-peak months but is staffed 24/7 during peak summer months. Many people fish on the lake, catching bass, crappie, and walleye. There are 5 public boat ramps located in Nelson Park, Faries Park, at the Sportsman&#39;s Club, on Lost Bridge and Country Club Roads.</p><br>
<p>Currently, the lake has five crossings: Reas Bridge Road, William Street (Illinois 105), US 36/Illinois 121, Lost Bridge Road, and US 51/Illinois 105.</p><br>
<p>Keratsini  is a suburb in the western part of the Athens agglomeration, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Keratsini-Drapetsona, of which it is the seat and a municipal unit.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Keratsini is situated on the Saronic Gulf coast, 3 km northwest of Piraeus city centre and about 10 km west of Athens city centre. The municipal unit has an area of 7.601 km. The coastal area consists mainly of port facilities, part of the Port of Piraeus.</p><br>
<h2>Culture</h2><br>
<p>Keratsini has its own non-professional choir (mixed voices, SATB). It has participated many times in festivals all around Greece. The town has its own choir festival called international song festival.</p><br>
<h3>Sports</h3><br>
<p>Keratsini hosts the football club Keratsini FC with earlier presence in Gamma Ethniki and the basketball club Faros Keratsiniou B.C. with presence in A2 Ethniki basketball.</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<h2>International relations</h2><br>
<p>Keratsini is twinned with Prešov, Slovakia, since 1994.</p><br>
<p>The Penland School of Crafts  is an Arts and Crafts educational center located in the Blue Ridge Mountains in Spruce Pine, North Carolina, about 50 miles from Asheville.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The school was founded in the 1920s in the isolated mountain town of Penland, North Carolina. In 1923, Lucy Morgan (1889-1981), a teacher at the Appalachian School who had recently learned to weave at Berea College, created an association to teach the craft The center, called Penland Weavers and Potters, Worst added classes in basketry and pottery.</p><br>
<p>Bill Brown, who took over in 1962 after Morgan, created a resident artist program and expanded the number of and length of the courses. There are 51 buildings on 400 acres. Penland buildings were designed primarily by North Carolinian architects, including Frank Harmond and Cannon Architects in Raleigh, North Carolina and Dixon Weinstein Architects in Chapel Hill.</p><br>
<p>The school campus was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2003 as the Penland School Historic District. The district encompasses 31 contributing buildings, 1 contributing site, and 3 contributing structures. The district is characterized by one and two-story frame farmhouses dating from the turn of the 20th century, associated agricultural outbuildings, and</p><br>
<p>Rustic Revival style log buildings. Notable buildings include the Colonial Revival style Lily Loom House and Pines; the Craft Cabin; Homer Hall; Ridgeway; and Beacon Church.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>Penland holds an annual Community Day in early March, when the school&#39;s studios are open and visitors can work on a small project with the help of the artists.</p><br>
<p>An exhibition of works created at Penland was held at the Mint Museum.</p><br>
<p>The Warehouse District is a nationally recognized historic district located in downtown Cleveland, Ohio. It is roughly bound by Front Avenue, Superior Avenue, West 3rd Street, and West 10th Street.</p><br>
<p>On September 30, 1982, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places as the Cleveland Warehouse District. On February 21, 2007, its boundary was increased to include 1384 to 1410 West 10th Street.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the first half of the 19th century, this neighborhood was part of Cleveland’s original residential area. Later in the century, it became the center of Clevelands wholesale commercial area, and was occupied by warehousing and distribution terminals for more than 100 years. But after warehouse traffic moved elsewhere, it fell into serious disrepair with empty, run-down warehouses. The area is historically anchored by major skyscrapers that echo Clevelands industrial past, most notably the Rockefeller Building (Cleveland).</p><br>
<p>After the late 1980s, the Warehouse District became a hot night spot for twenty-somethings and urban professionals, following a pattern pioneered in Cleveland by the Flats entertainment district, which it ultimately supplanted as the city’s premier weekend place-to-be.</p><br>
<h2>Recent developments</h2><br>
<p>The metamorphosis to the Warehouse District’s current state began with the opening of Hilarities Comedy Club in the late 1980s (Hilarities has since moved to E. 4th Street). The transformation of the district initially sought to attract artists in live-work spaces, but rent and popularity became too high, and drove artists to nearby Cleveland neighborhoods of Tremont or the St. Clair Superior.</p><br>
<p>Artists Steven B. Smith and S. Judson Wilcox were two early "urban pioneers": artists who settled the Warehouse District in Cleveland in 1981. Artists, musicians and renegades moved there to revel in Cleveland&#39;s industrial beauty.</p><br>
<p>Smith&#39;s spot in the warehouse became a gathering spot for other artists in the building, including S. Judson Wilcox, Melissa Jay Craig (AKA "Field Marshal May Midwest"), Laszlo Gyorki, Ken Nevadomi, Randy Rigutto, Jay Clements, Beth Wolfe and others.</p><br>
<p>Spaces Gallery was located on the first floor, making the warehouse the de facto epicenter of creative activity.</p><br>
<p>The affordability of Cleveland neighborhoods periodically caused mass migrations of artists. In the 80s, Smith was one of the urban pioneers to move into the Warehouse District. In 1985, he was one of many artists who moved from the warehouses to Tremont, in the typical pattern where artists move into undesirable but inexpensive neighborhoods, fixing up old buildings in which to live and work.</p><br>
<p>Although more than half of the original eight-block area has been razed and replaced by parking lots, by 2000 the remaining restored buildings were home to many restaurants and clubs. West Sixth Street is known as the heart of the district where various nightclubs, bars, and high-end restaurants including the Velvet Dog&#39;s rooftop patio bar, high-end Lebanese cuisine at Taza, Blue Pointe Grill, and Johnny’s Downtown, are located.</p><br>
<p>The neighborhood has also seen many of the rehabilitated warehouses converted to office and residential space. The ornate Victorian age facades of these historic warehouses are often preserved and restored, while the interiors of the buildings experience complete transformation into contemporary and trendy spaces. Its apartments and condominiums have been responsible for a large portion of downtown Cleveland&#39;s recent population growth. Most of the remaining structures have been rehabilitated, and developers have started to plan and build infill construction projects.</p><br>
<p>Rota  also known as the "Friendly Island", is the southernmost island of the United States Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands  and the second southernmost of the Marianas Archipelago. It lies approximately 40 nmi north-northeast of the United States territory of Guam. Sinapalo village is the largest and most populated followed by Songsong village .</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Rota is 12.3 mi long and 4.2 mi wide. Its coastline is about 38 mi long. The highest point on Rota is Mt. Sabana which is 495.56 m. Rota is 47 nmi north of Guam, 63 nmi south of Tinian and 73 nmi south of Saipan. Rota has diverse flora and fauna including the endemic and endangered Rota white-eye, Mariana fruit bat, and Mariana crow.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1521, the first European to see Rota was the lookout on Ferdinand Magellans ship Victoria, Lope Navarro. However, Magellans armada of three ships did not stop until they reached Guam, so the first European to arrive in Rota (in 1524), was the Spanish navigator Juan Sebastián Elcano, who annexed it together with the rest of the Mariana Islands on behalf of the Spanish Empire.</p><br>
<p>As with the other islands of the northern Marianas, Rota was sold to the German Empire under the German–Spanish Treaty of 1899. In World War I, the islands were occupied by the Japanese Empire. In 1919, the League of Nations formally recognized Japanese control under the South Pacific Mandate. However, development of Rota lagged behind that of neighboring Tinian and Saipan, with only 1000 Japanese residents arriving by the end of December 1935, most of them employed in raising sugar cane and in sugar refining. The refinery was not economical, and it was closed three years later.</p><br>
<p>The Japanese garrison during World War II consisted of 1,031 Imperial Japanese Army men of the 10th Independent Mixed Brigade, under the command of Major Shigeo Imagawa, and about 600 Imperial Japanese Navy men. During the final stages of the war, Rota was occasionally bombed by aircraft of the USA Navy in an attempt to silence its radio transmitter that was providing warning to the Japanese home islands upon the take-off of B-29 Superfortress bomber attacks from Tinian, Saipan, and Guam, but the island was never invaded by American troops. On September 2, 1945, one hour after the surrender of Japan, a detachment of USA Marines arrived on Rota to accept the surrender of the Japanese garrison, which numbered 947 Imperial Japanese Army and 1853 Imperial Japanese Navy.</p><br>
<p>After the end of World War II, Rota became part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. Since 1978, the island has been a part of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands.</p><br>
<p>The current mayor is Efraim Manglona Atalig.</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>Rota has an airport, Rota International Airport.</p><br>
<h2>Education</h2><br>
<p>Northern Marianas College established the Rota Instructional Site to provide post-secondary, continuing, and adult education and training opportunities for the purpose of improving the quality of life for the people of Rota.</p><br>
<p>Since its inception in August 1986, the Rota Instructional Site has assisted many people who chose to pursue college education locally over the high cost of post-secondary education elsewhere. Many students have obtained a Certificate of Completion, an associate degree, or the bachelor of science degree in Elementary Education, have found better paying jobs, and have continued pursuing higher degrees.</p><br>
<p>The results are positive, and the community has depended on NMC for quality education and training. Presently, Rota offers a variety of programs:</p><br>
<p>Adult Basic Education,</p><br>
<p>Upward Bound,</p><br>
<p>Educational Talent Search,</p><br>
<p>CREES (Agriculture and Aquaculture Extension),</p><br>
<p>4H Club, and</p><br>
<p>Expanded Food & Nutrition Education (EFNEP),</p><br>
<p>Business Development Workshops,</p><br>
<p>Continuing Education Courses, and</p><br>
<p>Community Services Programs</p><br>
<p>Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Public School System operates public schools.</p><br>
<p>Rota has two public schools:</p><br>
<p>Dr. Rita Hocog Inos Junior & Senior High School. In August 2011, Rota&#39;s junior and senior high schools were merged due to budget concerns. They are now Dr. Rita Hocog Inos Junior & Senior High School. With this merger, the junior high now consists only of the 7th and 8th grades. The 6th grade was moved to Sinapalo Elementary in Sinapalo Village. RHIJSHS is located on the former junior high school campus in Songsong Village.</p><br>
<p>Sinapalo Elementary School is located in Sinapalo village.</p><br>
<p>Rota&#39;s elementary school and junior high school (middle school) were formerly located in the same area and shared class buildings at Songsong village. After the new elementary school was built in Sinapalo, the Songsong village school ground was reopened as Rota Junior High. In 2010, the junior high school was renamed for the former Commissioner of Education, Dr. Rita Hocog Inos.</p><br>
<p>Rota has two private schools:</p><br>
<p>Eskuelan San Francisco De Borja (ESFDB): Prep-8th Grade (Located in Songsong Village)</p><br>
<p>Grace Christian Academy (GCA): Prep-9th Grade (Located in Sinapalo Village)</p><br>
<p>Reindeer Lake is a lake in Western Canada located on the border between northeastern Saskatchewan and northwestern Manitoba, with the majority in Saskatchewan. The name of the lake appears to be a translation of the Algonquian name. It is the second-largest lake in Saskatchewan and the ninth largest in Canada. It comprises 8% of lake from Manitoba and 92% of lake from Saskatchewan.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Reindeer Lake has a heavily indented shoreline and contains numerous small islands. On its eastern shore is the community of Kinoosao, at its northern end Brochet, Manitoba; and at its southern end, Southend, Saskatchewan; and Deep Bay, which covers an astrobleme which probably formed 100 million years ago. It drains mainly to the south, via the Reindeer River and a controlled weir, to the Churchill River and then east to Hudson Bay. Water flow out of the lake is regulated by the Whitesand Dam.</p><br>
<p>Deep Bay, located at the south end of the lake and measuring about 13 km (8 mi) wide and 220 m (720 ft) deep, is the site of a large meteorite impact dating about 140 million years ago. According to local legend, it is also the location of a monster which pulls animals through the ice in winter.</p><br>
<h2>Development</h2><br>
<p>Several early explorers including David Thompson traveled through the lake. It did not serve a major role in the fur trade as only a few short-lived trading posts were established. Today road access to the lake is provided by Highway 102 that terminates at Southend, Saskatchewan, and Highway 302.</p><br>
<h2>Fishing</h2><br>
<p>Fishing is an important industry in the area and sport-fishermen are drawn by its clear and deep waters. Trophy-sized pike are common at Reindeer Lake. The lake also supports commercial fishing.</p><br>
<p>Fish species include walleye, yellow perch, northern pike, lake trout, Arctic grayling, lake whitefish, cisco, round whitefish, burbot, white sucker and longnose sucker.</p><br>
<p>Several islands on Reindeer Lake, such as Arctic Lodges, host fishing lodges.</p><br>
<h2>NORAD Tracks Santa</h2><br>
<p>Reindeer Lake was a featured Santa Cam location from the start of the 2002 NORAD Tracks Santa tracking season to the end of the 2011 season when NORAD opted to switch to a regional format the next year instead of the individual profiling of cities they had been doing.</p><br>
<p>The San Jacinto Monument is a 567.31 ft column located on the Houston Ship Channel in unincorporated Harris County, Texas, United States, near the city of Houston. The monument is topped with a 220-ton star that commemorates the site of the Battle of San Jacinto, the decisive battle of the Texas Revolution. The monument, constructed between 1936 and 1939 and dedicated on April 21, 1939, is the worlds tallest masonry column and is part of the San Jacinto Battleground State Historic Site. By comparison, the Washington Monument is 554.612 ft tall, but remains the tallest stone monument in the world. The column is an octagonal shaft topped with a 34 ft Lone Star &ndash; the symbol of Texas. Visitors can take an elevator to the monuments observation deck for a view of Houston and the Battleship Texas .</p><br>
<p>The San Jacinto Museum of History is located inside the base of the monument, and focuses on the history of the Battle of San Jacinto and Texas culture and heritage.</p><br>
<p>The San Jacinto Battlefield, of which the monument is a part, was designated a National Historic Landmark on December 19, 1960, and is therefore also automatically listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was designated a Historic Civil Engineering Landmark in 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1856, the Texas Veterans Association began lobbying the state legislature to create a memorial to the men who died during the Texas Revolution. The legislature made no efforts to commemorate the final battle of the revolution until the 1890s, when funds were finally appropriated to purchase the land where the Battle of San Jacinto took place. After a careful survey to determine the boundaries of the original battle site, land was purchased for a new state park east of Houston, in 1897. This became San Jacinto Battleground State Historic Site.</p><br>
<p>The Daughters of the Republic of Texas began pressuring the legislature to provide an official monument at the site of the Battle of San Jacinto. The chairman of the Texas Centennial Celebrations, Jesse H. Jones, provided an idea for a monument to memorialize all Texans who served during the Texas Revolution. Architect Alfred C. Finn provided the final design, in conjunction with engineer Robert J. Cummins.</p><br>
<p>In March 1936, as part of the Texas Centennial Celebration, ground was broken for the San Jacinto Monument. The project took three years to complete and cost $1.5 million. The funds were provided by both the Texas legislature and the United States Congress.</p><br>
<p>From its opening, the monument has been run by the nonprofit association, the San Jacinto Museum of History Association. In 1966, the monument was placed under the control of the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. The Parks Department allows the history association to continue its oversight of the monument.</p><br>
<p>The monument was renovated in 1983. In 1990, the base of the monument was redone to contain the San Jacinto Museum of History and the Jesse H. Jones Theatre for Texas Studies.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The San Jacinto monument is an octagonal column. It was built by W.S. Bellows Construction and primarily constructed of reinforced concrete. Its exterior was faced with Texas limestone, from a quarry near the Texas State Capitol. It stands 567.31 ft tall and is the tallest monument column in the world. It is 9.6 ft taller than the next tallest, the Juche Tower in North Korea.</p><br>
<p>The base of the monument contains a 15,625 ft&sup2; museum and a 160-seat theater. The base is decorated with eight engraved panels depicting the history of Texas. The bronze doors which allow entry into the museum show the six flags of Texas. At the point where the shaft rises from the base, it is only 48 ft square (2,304 ft&sup2;). The shaft narrows to only 30 ft square (900 ft&sup2;) at the observation deck. At the top of the monument is a 220-ton, 34 ft high star, representing the Lone Star of Texas. A 1,750 by reflecting pool shows the entire shaft.</p><br>
<p>As of 2006, approximately 250,000 people visited the monument each year, including 40,000 children on school trips.</p><br>
<h2>Inscription</h2><br>
<p>An inscription on the monument tells the story of the birth of Texas:</p><br>
<p>Karditsomagoula  is a large village in the Karditsa regional unit in Greece, with 2,500 inhabitants. It is part of the municipality of Karditsa and is situated north of the central area of Karditsa, separated from it by the Greek National Road 30 . It has a grid layout consisting of six 1,500-metre roads  and eleven 900-metre roads . It is located southeast of Trikala, southeast of Larissa, west of Palamas, northwest of Sofades, and northeast of the Plastiras Dam.</p><br>
<p>Farmlands dominate the area around Karditsomagoula, the main product being cotton covering 26,000 acres (105 square kilometres) of land. Other products include cattle, fruit and vegetables, and some flowers. The whole population prior to the late-20th century, and much of the population today, are farmers.</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
